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Respiratory phase 1 > Mouth, ear, and neck anatomy > Flashcards

Mouth, ear, and neck anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones and cartilages of the neck?

A

Cervical vertebrae - flexion and extension of cervical spine

Hyoid bone - helps to keep pharynx open and provides attachment point for muscles

Larynx - protects the airway

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2
Q

Describe the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Attached to the sternum, clavicle and mastoid

It can act unilaterally or bilaterally

Innervated by the accessory nerve

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3
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?

A

Anteriorly: midline of neck
Posteriorly: sternocleiodomastoid
Superiorly: lower border of mandible

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4
Q

What does the anterior triangle contain?

A

Trachea
Larynx
Thyroid / parathyroid glands
Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles
Common carotid artery
Branches of external carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Branches of facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory and hypoglossal
Ansa cervicales (fibres from c1-c3)

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5
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

A

Anteriorly: Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
Posteriorly: Anterior border of trapezius
Inferiorly: clavicle

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6
Q

What does the posterior triangle contain?

A

Muscles that move head
Part of subclavian artery and vein
External jugular vein
Accessory nerve
Root of brachial plexus
Cervical plexus
Phrenic nerve

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7
Q

What are the 4 paired muscles of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Mylohoid
Geniohyoid
Stylohyoid
Digastric

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8
Q

What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Lie superior to the hyoid bone. When they contract, they raise the hyoid bone and larynx during speech and swallowing.

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9
Q

What is the function of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Lie inferior to the hyoid bone. They draw the hyoid bone and larynx inferiorly during speech and swallowing.

Sternohyoid and omohyoid lie superficially
Sternothyroid and thyrohyoid lie deep

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10
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the thyroid joined by?

A

The isthmus

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11
Q

What is the function of the thyroid?

A

Produces hormones which play an important role in the regulation of metabolic processes.

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12
Q

What is the thyroid supplied by?

A

Left and right superior thyroid arteries
Left and right inferior thyroid arteries

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13
Q

What veins drain the thyroid gland?

A

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

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14
Q

Describe the parathyroid glands…

A

There are 4 parathyroid glands, located posterior to the thyroid gland.

They produce the parathyroid hormone which plays a role in calcium regulation.

Supplied by the inferior thyroid arteries.

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15
Q

Where can the pulse of the internal carotid artery be palpated?

A

Immediately lateral to the larynx

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16
Q

Describe the internal carotid artery…

A

It does not give rise to other branches and enters the cranium and supplies the brain

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17
Q

Describe the external carotid artery…

A

Gives rise to several branches that supply the head and neck.

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18
Q

What is the carotid sinus located?

A

At the point of bifurcation of the common carotid artery.

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19
Q

What is the function of the carotid sinus?

A

Contain baroreceptors which monitor arterial blood pressure. This visceral sensory information is relayed back to the CNS via the glossopharyngeal nerve resulting in reflex responses regulating blood pressure.

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20
Q

What is the function of the external jugular vein?

A

Drains the blood from scalp and face.

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21
Q

What is the function of the internal jugular vein?

A

Drains blood from the brain and part of the face

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22
Q

What does the facial nerve supply in the neck?

A

Platysma

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23
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve supply in the neck?

A

Pharynx
Carotid sinus

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24
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply in the neck?

A

Muscles of pharynx
Larynx

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25
Q

What does the accessory nerve supply in the neck?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius muscle

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26
Q

What is the carotid sheath?

A

The vagus nerve runs between the internal jugular vein, the internal carotid artery and the common carotid artery. The 3 structures run together to form the carotid sheath.

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27
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

A muscular tube that lies in the neck.

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28
Q

What are the outer muscles of the walls of the pharynx?

A

Outer layer: circular muscle composed of 3 constrictor muscles; superior, middle and inferior constrictors that overlap.

They contract superior to inferior so swallowed food moves down the pharynx.

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29
Q

What are the inner muscles of the walls of the pharynx?

A

Longitudinal muscle.

30
Q

What is the epiglottis and its function?

A

One of the cartilages of the larynx

It closes off the laryngeal inlet and prevents food/liquids from entering the larynx.

31
Q

What are the 3 parts of the internal pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

32
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Collections of lymphoid tissue in the upper parts if the pharynx

33
Q

What are the 4 tonsils and where are they located?

A
  1. Pharyngeal - roof of nasopharynx
  2. Tubal - nasopharynx near openings of auditory tube
  3. Palatine - next to pharyngeal wall in oropharynx
  4. Lingual tonsil - posterior aspect of tongue
34
Q

How is the pharynx innervated?

A

By sensory fibres from the glossopharyngeal nerve and motor fibres from the vagus nerve.

35
Q

How many cartilages is the larynx made up of?

A

9 cartilage

3 unpaired
3 paired

36
Q

What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis; Thyroid cartilage; Cricoid cartilage

37
Q

What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx?

A

Arytenoids; Cuneiforms; Corniculate cartilage.

They are smaller than the unpaired cartilages of the larynx

38
Q

How is the laryngeal prominence (Adam apple) formed?

A

The thyroid cartilage is composed of 2 flat cartilages that meet in the anterior midline.

39
Q

What do the superior and inferior horns of the larynx articulate with?

A

Superior horns attach to hyoid bone.
Inferior horns attach to the cricoid cartilage.

40
Q

What can injury to the nerves that supply the intrinsic laryngeal muscles do?

A

Affect speech as the intrinsic muscles move the laryngeal cartilages which move the vocal cords

41
Q

What are the 2 pairs of mucous membrane folds that project into the cavity of the larynx?

A

Vestibular folds superiorly and vocal cords inferiorly

42
Q

What is the function of the vocal cords?

A

They protect the vocal ligaments and together form the true vocal cords

43
Q

What is the space between the true vocal cords called?

A

Rims glottidis

44
Q

Adduction and abduction of the true vocal cords:

A

Adduction - closes the rima glottidis

Abduction - opens the rima glottidis

45
Q

Describe the 2 groups of muscles that act upon the larynx:

A

Extrinsic - suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

Intrinsic - Left and right cricothyroid, posterior cricoarytenoids, transverse arytenoid.

46
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles acting on the larynx?

A

Intrinsic - move the laryngeal cartilages which move the vocal cords.

47
Q

What are the 2 important nerves of the larynx?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve - innervates the cricothyroid muscle

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - innervates all intrinsic muscles except cricothyroid

48
Q

How are the left and right nasal cavities separated?

A

A thin midline septum formed of cartilage and bone

49
Q

How are the nasal cavities separated from the oral cavity?

A

The hard palate (floor of nasal cavity)

50
Q

How are the nasal cavities separated from the brain?

A

Bone of the roof of the nasal cavity

51
Q

What forms the posterior septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the posterior septum.

Vomer forms the inferior part of the posterior septum.

52
Q

How is the nasal cavity separated from the cranium and brain?

A

The cribriform plate

53
Q

Blood supply and innervation of the nasal cavity?

A

Blood supply: maxillary artery - a terminal branch of the external carotid artery

Innervation: Branches of trigeminal nerve

54
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses and where do they drain and what is their nerve innervation?

A

Frontal - drain into middle meatus - Opthalmic division

Ethmoid - drain into superior and middle meatus - Ophthalmic and maxillary nerve

Sphenoid - drains into spheno-ethmoidal recess - ophthalmic

Maxillary - drains into the middle meatus -

55
Q

What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Drains tears. The duct opens into the inferior meatus.

56
Q

What connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

A

Auditory tube (Eustachian tube)

57
Q

What is the function of the auditory tube (Eustachian tube)?

A

Allows air to pass into the middle ear so the pressure on either side of the tymphatic membrane is equal. this allows for optimal conduction of sound waves.

58
Q

Why is the hard palate functionally important?

A

Prevents food/ fluid entering the nasal cavity

Push tongue up against hard palate during swallowing which forces food towards oropharynx

Push tongue against hard palate to articulate certain sounds.

59
Q

How are the muscles of the soft palate innervated?

A

Vagus nerve

60
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

Superior: hard and soft palate
Inferior: soft tissues and muscles
Lateral: cheeks

61
Q

What are the structures of the oral cavity?

A

Tongue, teeth, gums and openings of salivary ducts

62
Q

How many teeth do adults have?

A
  1. 16 in maxilla and 16 in mandible

4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, 6 molars

63
Q

Teeth are composed of:

A

Inner pulp containing blood vessels and nerves
Dentin surrounding pulp
Outer hard coat of enamel

64
Q

What detects taste on the tongue?

A

Papillae

65
Q

What is the vallecula?

A

The space between the posterior tongue and the anterior aspect of the epiglottis.

66
Q

How are the muscles of the tongue innervated?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

67
Q

What are the functions of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Intrinsic : change shape of tongue.
Extrinsic : move the tongue

68
Q

What cranial nerves provide sensory innervation to the tongue?

A

Taste in anterior 2/3 tongue is innervated by facial nerve

General sensation in anterior 2/3 tongue innervated by trigeminal nerve

Taste and general sensation in the posterior third innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve.

69
Q

Innervation of the oral cavity:

A

Supplied by lingual, maxillary, and facial arteries (branches of the external carotid arteries).

70
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands that secrete saliva into the oral cavity and how is secretion stimulated?

A

Parotid - secretion is stimulated by parasympathetic fibres in the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Submandiubular - secretion stimulated by the parasympathetic fibres in the facial nerve

Sublingual - secretion stimulated by the parasympathetic fibres in facial nerve

Respiratory phase 1 (8 decks)

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