Motor Unit and acute modulation Flashcards

1
Q

what is key for muscle contraction?

A

Calcium ions “on and off switch”

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2
Q

when the muscle is resting or relaxed, myosin is attached to

A

actin in a “weak binding state”

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3
Q

where is calcium stored?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

action potential is generated in a

A

motor nerve

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5
Q

(muscle turning on) Acetylcholine opens what gate?

A

chemical gated Na+ channel

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6
Q

(muscle turning on) T-tubules spread impulses along the?

A

triads

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7
Q

triads?

A

the structure formed by a T tubule with a sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) known as the terminal cisterna on either side.

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8
Q

(muscle turning on) Depolarazation causes calcium gates to?

A

to open in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

(muscle turning on)calcium empties out of the

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm and binds Tn-C

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10
Q

(muscle turning on)Once calcium is bound to the Tn-C, what occurs?

A

myosin can attach in the strong binding state

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11
Q

Muscle contraction is turned off by

A

removing calcium

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12
Q

(muscle turning off) calcium is pumped out of the cytoplasm into

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum via Calcium-pumps

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13
Q

(muscle turning off) calcium pumps require energy in form of

A

ATP

to respond immediately to calcium

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14
Q

(muscle turning off) The rate and amount of calcium removal is tied to

A

the number of calcium pumps

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15
Q

(muscle turning off) when calcium is pumped out what occurs?

A

myosin goes back into the weak binding state and the muscle becomes relaxed

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16
Q

After the myosin goes back into the weak binding state, the muscle is also

A

repolarizing and can not turn on again unti its repolarized

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17
Q

myosin immediately hydrolyzes the ATP into

A

ADP+Pi

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18
Q

Calcium binding to TnC starts a

A

shape change and allows myosin to bind action in the strong binding state

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19
Q

once in a strong binding state myosin can?

A

exert force upon the actin

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20
Q

in a strong binding state, force occurs when the cross bridge?

A

changes from a 90 to 45 orientation

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21
Q

The 90 to 45 occur when

A

the Pi is released from the myosin. if its not released no force is produced

22
Q

After the Pi is released, the cross bridge cycle will not continue until

A

the actin and myosin bond is broken

23
Q

The actin and myosin bond is broken by

A

ATP attachment

24
Q

Before the ATP can break the actin-myosin bond

A

ADP must be released from the myosin. The cycle is in a holding pattern until its released.

25
Q

If ADP is released but there is no ATP available, the cycle enters a ?

A

state of rigor

26
Q

rigor?

A

the actin-myosin are strongly stuck to each other (stiffness)

27
Q

Once ADP is released?

A

ATP binds myosin, breaks the actin-myosin bond and the whole cycle starts again. As long as there is neural stimulation

28
Q

muscle action is intiated by

A

nerve impulse

29
Q

The nerve releases ACH, which allows

A

sodium to enter and depolarize the cell

30
Q

If the cell is sufficiently depolarized,

A

an action potential occurs which releases stored calcium ions

31
Q

Calcium ions intiate a series of events leading to

A

muscle cell contraction (Z line move towads each other)

32
Q

Once myosin binds to actin,

A

the myosin head tilts and pulls the actin filament so they slide across each other

33
Q

Muscle action end when

A

calcium is pumped out of the sarcoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage

34
Q

Energy for muscle acton is provided when the myosin head binds to

A

ATP

35
Q

ATPase on the myosin head splits the?

A

ATP into a usable energy source

36
Q

Biochemical properties of muscle fiber types

A
  • oxidative capacity

- type of ATPase and myosin heavy chain

37
Q

Contractile properties of muscle fiber types

A
  • maximal force production
  • speed of contraction (Vmax)
  • muscle fiber efficiency
38
Q

Slow twitch fibers properties

A
  • high aerobic (oxidative) capacity and fatigue resistance
  • Low anaerobic (glycolytic) capacity and motor unit strength
  • slow contractile speed
39
Q

Fast twitch type IIa properties

A
  • moderate/high aerobic (oxidative) capacity and fatigue resistance
  • High anaerobic (glycolytic) capacity and motor unit strength
  • fast contractile speed
40
Q

Fast twitch type IIx

A
  • Low aerobic (oxidative) capacity and fatigue resistance

- high anaerobic (glycolytic) capacity and motor unit strength

41
Q

All or none response

A

for a motor unit to be recruited into activity the motor nerve impulse must meet or exceed the threshold

42
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase of muscle size

43
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase of muscle cell number

44
Q

equation of power

A

power=force x velocity

45
Q

force is determined by

A

Pi release

46
Q

Velocity is determined by

A

ADP release

47
Q

more sarcomeres in parallel

A

favor force production

48
Q

more sarcomeres in series

A

favor velocity

49
Q

force magnitude is equal to

A

the number of attached cross bridges going from 90 to 45

50
Q

contraction velocity is related to

A

the cross bridge cycling rate or the rate of ADP release strongly related to the myosin ATPase type

51
Q

2 people can generate the same power by different means. Power production can be changed by

A

changing force, velocity or both

52
Q

both hypertrophy and hyperplasia are controlled by

A

satellite cells