Motor Systems

Question 1

Name the parts of the NS that enable movement

Answer 1

spinal cord, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and frontal lobes

Question 2

Name the 4 main sections of the spinal cord

Answer 2

1: cervical division (breathing, HR, head and neck movement)
2: thoracic division (trunk stability, temperature regulation)
3: lumbar nerves (hip movement, knee extension, foot motion)
4: sacral nerves (bowels, bladder, sex organs)
5: bottom (helps sit normal)

Question 3

What type of decision making does the spinal cord have even though most conscious movement is controlled by the brain?

Answer 3

quick reflexes
like touching a hot burner

Question 4

Quadriplegia

Answer 4

paralysis of the legs and arms from spinal cord injury

Question 5

Paraplegia

Answer 5

paralysis of legs from spinal cord injury

Question 6

What does the cerebellum do? what is it? Midline vs lateral control?

Answer 6

Cerebellum: super folded and compacted.
3 roles:
- coordinating movement
- learning motor skills
- balancing
Midline: trunk and body
Lateral: limbs

Question 7

Describe the way the cerebellum gives/receives error correction info.

Answer 7

Cortex sends movement instructions to spinal cord and a copy to the cerebellum.
feedback from the spinal cord about movement is received by the cerebellum= error correction to cortex

Question 8

ATAXIA

Answer 8

cerebellum injury which results in incorrect timing of muscle coordination

Question 9

Basal ganglia dorsal vs ventral stream.

Answer 9

dorsal: caudate nucleus and putamen
ventral: nucleus acumbens (striatum)

Question 10

Describe BG: Direct pathway. Results in?

Answer 10

Activated: C/P inhibits the GPi (inhibit the inhibitor) which disinhibits the thalamus to send info to the cortex= INCREASE MOVEMENT

Question 11

Describe BG: Indirect pathway. Results in?

Answer 11

Activated: C/P inhibit the GPe which disinhibits the subthalamic nucleus, exciting the GPi which inhibits the thalamus from communicating = DECREASE MOVEMENT

Question 12

hyperkinetic symptom

Answer 12

brain damage resulting in excessive involuntary movements

Question 13

hypokinetic symptom

Answer 13

brain damage resulting in paucity of movement (trouble initiating or using correct force)

Question 14

Huntington’s Disease

Answer 14

• hereditary, emerges around 30 years old
• involuntary, jerky movement (hyperkinetic)
  -degeneration of C/P of BG and frontal lobes (increase ventricles)

Question 15

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 15

• motor system disease due to loss of dopamine in the brain
• tremors, muscle rigidity, reduced movement (hypokinetic)
• degeneration of substantia nigra (less dopamine)
• treated by L DOPA, stem cells, deep brain stimulation

Question 16

Parallel vs Serial motor sequence

Answer 16

parallel: movements done at the same time as processing
serial: movement and processing done in a step processing (this then this…)

Question 17

How does the frontal lobe cortical control lead to movement?

Answer 17

1) prefrontal cortex: planning movement
2) premotor cortex: organize movement sequences in order
3) motor cortex: initiates movement

Question 18

What areas are activated based on simple or complex tasks?

Answer 18

Simple: motor cortex, stomata sensory cortex
Sequence: motor cortex, stomata sensory, premotor cortex
Complex: all prior and temporal and parietal

Question 19

Lateral vs ventral corticospinal tract

Answer 19

lateral: crosses brainstem and innervates limbs
ventral: ipsilateral and controls muscles along midline of bod

Question 20

Cerebellum vs spinal cord, where is the grey and white matter in each?

Answer 20

• Cerebellum: white matter inside and grey matter outside.
• spinal cord: white matter outside and grey matter inside. (motor neurons have cell body in the ventral root)