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The Mediverse 4.1 > MOTOR SYSTEM > Flashcards

MOTOR SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

Explain motor system

A

Motor system is the part of the central nervous system responsible for voluntary and involuntary movements

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2
Q

The motor system comprises brain regions such as?

A
  1. Primary motor cortex
  2. Basal ganglia
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Spinal cord
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3
Q

What is the role of the brain stem in control of motor function?

A

The brainstem manages basic motor functions like posture and balance.

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4
Q

Talk about the cortical control of motor function?

A

The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe of the brain, particularly the precentral gyrus.
Is responsible for voluntary movements.

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5
Q

Talk about the basal ganglia?

A

The basal ganglia are groups of nuclei situated deep in the brain. They are involved in the regulation of voluntary motor movements or habits.

(They are the backstage crew, making sure every action goes in without a hitch.

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6
Q

Another name for the limbic system is?

A

Paleo mammalian cortex

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7
Q

Functions of the limbic system?

A

The limbic system plays a role in
1. Emotions
2. Motivation
3. Olfaction
4. Behaviour

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8
Q

The limbic system consists of?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Basal ganglia
  4. Cingulate gyrus
  5. Hippocampus
  6. Amygdala
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9
Q

Mention some clinical disorders associated with dysfunction of the limbic system

A
  1. Epilepsy
  2. Anxiety disorder
  3. Dementia
  4. Autism
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10
Q

The entorhinal cortex is a part of the cortical structures of the limbic system.
What does it do?

A

It interfaces between the hippocampus and neo cortex

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11
Q

The fornix is a cortical structure of the limbic system.
What does the fornix do?

A

Fornix is a white matter structure connecting hippocampus and brain structures such as mammillary bodies and septal nuclei.

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12
Q

What are some other structures in the sub cortical areas of the limbic system?

A
  1. Septal nuclei
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Amygdala
  4. Nucleus Accumbens
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13
Q

Septal nuclei is considered?

A

A pleasure zone

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14
Q

The hippocampus is associated with?

A

Consolidation of new memories and spatial environment.

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15
Q

The nucleus Accumbens is associated with?

A

The nucleus Accumbens is associated with Reward, pleasure and addiction

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16
Q

What role does the medial forebrain bundle play?

A

The medial forebrain bundle connects the hypothalamus to the limbic system, the frontal lines, septal nuclei and the brainstem reticular formation.

17
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and the thalamus

A

The mammillothalamic fasciculus

18
Q

The lentiform nucleus is composed of?

A

Putamen and Globus pallidus

19
Q

What are the subdivisions of the amygdala?

A
  1. A large ventrolateral component containing the central and basolateral nuclei
  2. The dorsomedial division containing the corticomedial nucleus.
20
Q

Random thing to know?

A

The Stria terminalis (amygdalo-hypothalamic fibre) carry autonomic and neuroendocrine information.

21
Q

Talk about the Thalamus

A

The thalamus is located at the centre of the limbic system. It is the confluence (just like a secretary) of many neural pathways connecting to the cerebral cortex.

The Thalamus also maintain alertness and directs a person’s attention to sensory events.

22
Q

Damage to the thalamus can cause?

A
  1. Motor impairments
  2. Tremors
  3. Attention problem
  4. Insomnia
  5. Memory loss
  6. Vision low or light sensitivity
  7. Disorders of the motor system
  8. Coma
23
Q

Explain the Basal ganglia?

A

The basal ganglia are structures located at the top of the midbrain.
They regulate voluntary movements and maintenance of balance and posture..
The basal ganglia are also involved in cognitive and emotional behaviour linked with formation of habits and addictions.

24
Q

What does the cingulate gyrus do?

A

Cingulate gyrus is part of the limbic cortex (the outermost region of the limbic lobe).
It is believed to;
1. Regulate emotions(primarily aggression)
2. Pain,
3. Control autonomic motor function

The frontal portion like sight and smell with memories of precious emotions.

25
Q

Explain the Hippocampus?

A

The hippocampus is primary thought to be involved in storing long term memories and in spatial processing and navigation.
The hippocampus is also known as a site for neurogenesis, where nerve cells are created from adult stem cells

26
Q

Damage to the Hippocampus would cause?

A

Memory impairment and Anterograde amnesia

27
Q

In detail, discuss the Amygdala?

A

Amygdala is a small almond shaped structure that exists in 2 parts, each located in front of the corresponding Hippocampus in it’s respective temporal lobe.

It helps evaluate emotional Valence of situations, recognise threats and prepare the body for fight-or-flight reactions by increasing heart rate and breathing rate

Due to its close proximity to the Hippocampus, the Amygdala helps modulate memory storage. Especially memories adjusted with strong emotions
In simple terms, it gives colour to memories

28
Q

Damage to the Amygdala would cause?

A
  1. Higher levels of aggression, irritability, poor emotional control, and inability to recognise emotions.
  2. It also affects a person’s ability to recognise fear, resulting in more risk taking.
29
Q

Explain Panic attacks?

A

Panic attacks are brief spontaneously recurrent episodes of terror that generate a sense of impending disaster without a clearly identifiable cause

30
Q

What is the anatomical area for face recognition and memory?

A

It is the multi-modal association area of the infero-temporal cortex.

31
Q

The surgical removal of the hippocampus is called?

A

Hippocampectomy

32
Q

The surgical removal of the Amygdala is called?

A

Amygdalectomy

33
Q

Structural or functional bilateral amygdalectomy would lead to?

A
  1. Loss of fear
  2. Increased obedience
  3. Non-aggression
  4. Oral exploration of objects
  5. Hypersexuality
  6. Loss of emotionality
  7. Visual agnosia
  8. Bulemia
34
Q

Male sexual behaviour is predominantly controlled by?

A

The medial pre-optic area of the hypothalamus.

35
Q

How does the limbic system play a role in sexual behaviour in female?

A

Increased release of dopamine in the Amygdala also triggers sexual behaviours by increasing progesterone signalling in females

36
Q

A lesion of the Amygdala caused by calcium deposits in the Amygdala is called

A

Urbach-wiethe Disease

37
Q

The bilateral removal of the Amygdala would cause?

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

The Mediverse 4.1 (6 decks)

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