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Motor Speech Disorders > Motor Speech Midterm > Flashcards

Motor Speech Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Consists of the brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

composed of 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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3
Q

Hypokinetic Dysarthria

A

Caused by dysfunction of the basal ganglia. Associated with ideopathic parkinsonism

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4
Q

Hyperkinetic Dysarthria

A

Caused by involuntary movements that interfere with speech

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5
Q

Dysarthria

A

Impaired production of speech because of disturbances in the neuromuscular control of the speech mechanism

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6
Q

Apraxia of Speech

A

Deficit in the ability to sequence the movements of articulators, resulting mainly in problems of articulation and prodody

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7
Q

Respiration

A

Power supply of speech production; provides subglottic air pressure that is turned into acoustic energy by the speech production mechanism

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8
Q

Five components of speech production are….

A

Respiration, Phonation, Resonance, Articulation, Prosody

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9
Q

Phonation

A

The production of voice. Laryngeal muscle activity to adduct the vocal cords during exhalation is required. Abnormal voice production, regardless of cause, is called dysphonia, a common problem in dysarthria.

Production of voiced phonemes through vocal-fold vibrations in the larynx

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10
Q

Resonance

A

The quality of voice determined by the pharyngeal and velopharyngeal muscles, which control the shape of the vocal tract above the larynx, most crucially the degree to which the voice is transmitted through the oral cavity rather than the nasal cavity and vice versa. Excessive nasal transmission leads to a perception of hypernasality, frequently a problem in several types of dysarthria.

Proper placement of oral or nasal tonality onto phonemes during speech. Accomplished by raising and lowering of the velum.

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11
Q

Oral resonance is produced when….

A

Velum is raised and closes off the nasal cavity from vocal air stream. Air stream is out through oral cavity

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12
Q

Nasal resonance is produced when….

A

Velum is lowered and the oral cavity is blocked by the lips or tongue, directing air stream out through the nose.

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13
Q

Articulation

A

The quality of voice determined by the pharyngeal and velopharyngeal muscles, which control the shape of the vocal tract above the larynx, most crucially the degree to which the voice is transmitted through the oral cavity rather than the nasal cavity and vice versa. Excessive nasal transmission leads to a perception of hypernasality, frequently a problem in several types of dysarthria.

Shaping of the vocal air stream into phonemes

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14
Q

Prosody

A

The variations in pitch, loudness, and duration across syllables that help convey stress, emphasis, and emotion. They are a reflection of the combined activities of respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation.

Melody of speech. Uses stress and intonation

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15
Q

Stress

A

Changing pitch, loudness, and duration of syllables within words

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16
Q

Intonation

A

Use of pitch changes and stress to communicate i.e. making sentence a question or exclamation

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17
Q

Causes of Flaccid Dysarthria

A

Damage to the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, or the neuromuscular junction

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18
Q

Characteristics of Flaccid Dysarthria

A

Muscle weakness that results in: breathy phonation, Imprecise consonants, hypernasality, shallow breath support, and abnormal prosody

19
Q

Causes of Spastic Dysarthria

A

Bilateral damage to the upper motor neurons of the pyramial an extrapyramidal systems; often caused by brainstem strokes

20
Q

Characteristics of Spastic Dysarthria

A

Spasticity and weakness in the speech musculature that results in harsh or strained-strangled phonation, imprecise consonants, hypernasality, and abnormal prosody

21
Q

What causes Hyperkinetic Dysarthria

A

Dysfunction of Basal ganglia

May include Chorea, Dystonia, myoclonus, degenerative diseases, TBI, stroke

22
Q

Choreic Motions

A

sometimes jerky and abrupt, non purposeful, or appear dance-like, smooth and coordinated

23
Q

Chorea

A

movement disorder distinguished by involuntary movement of limbs, trunk, head and neck

24
Q

Sydenham’s Chorea

A

rare disorder affecting children after rheumatic fever

25
Q

Huntington’s

A

progressive, inherited disorder

26
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A

caused by taking certain antipsychotics

27
Q

Characteristics of Hyperkinetic Dysarthria: Chorea

A
  • inappropriate silences; excess loudness; variations
  • variable speech rate
  • prolonged intervals between syllables and words
  • prolonged phonemes
  • rapid, brief inhalations or exhalations of air, voice stoppages, and intermittent breathy voice quality
28
Q

Myoclonus

A

Hyperkinetic movement disorder distinguished by involuntary and brief contractions of part, whole, or a group of muscles in the same area

29
Q

Causes of Myoclonus

A

Kidney failure; epilepsy; cerebral anoxia; strokes; TBI; progressive neurologic diseases

30
Q

Tic Disorders

A

rapid movement that can be controlled voluntarily for a period of time, but performed

31
Q

Olfactory

A

CN I- transmits sense of smell

32
Q

Optic

A

CNII- transmits visual information to the brain

33
Q

Oculomotor

A

CNIII- innervates muscles of eye

34
Q

Trochlear

A

CN IV-innervates the superior oblique muscle

35
Q

Trigeminal

A

CN V- recieves sensation from the face and innervates muscles of mastication

36
Q

Abducens

A

CN VI- innervates the lateral rectus

37
Q

Facial

A

CN VII- provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression

38
Q

Vestibulocochlear

A

CN VIII- senses sound, rotation, and gravity

39
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

CN IX- Motor: pharyngeal musculature

Sensory: posterior part of tongue, tonsil, pharynx

40
Q

Vagus

A

CN X- Motor: heart, lungs, bronchi, GIT

Sensory: heart, lungs, bronchi, trachea, GIT, external ear

41
Q

Hypoglossal

A

CN XII- provides motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue

42
Q

Cranial Accessory

A

CN XI- controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

43
Q

Flaccid Dysarthria:

Lesion of Loci?

A

cranial nerve V (trigeminal), VII (facial), X (vagus), or XII
(hypoglossal) or the cervical and thoracic

Motor Speech Disorders (1 decks)

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