Motor Speech Midterm Flashcards
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
composed of 12 pairs of cranial nerves & 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Hypokinetic Dysarthria
Caused by dysfunction of the basal ganglia. Associated with ideopathic parkinsonism
Hyperkinetic Dysarthria
Caused by involuntary movements that interfere with speech
Dysarthria
Impaired production of speech because of disturbances in the neuromuscular control of the speech mechanism
Apraxia of Speech
Deficit in the ability to sequence the movements of articulators, resulting mainly in problems of articulation and prodody
Respiration
Power supply of speech production; provides subglottic air pressure that is turned into acoustic energy by the speech production mechanism
Five components of speech production are….
Respiration, Phonation, Resonance, Articulation, Prosody
Phonation
The production of voice. Laryngeal muscle activity to adduct the vocal cords during exhalation is required. Abnormal voice production, regardless of cause, is called dysphonia, a common problem in dysarthria.
Production of voiced phonemes through vocal-fold vibrations in the larynx
Resonance
The quality of voice determined by the pharyngeal and velopharyngeal muscles, which control the shape of the vocal tract above the larynx, most crucially the degree to which the voice is transmitted through the oral cavity rather than the nasal cavity and vice versa. Excessive nasal transmission leads to a perception of hypernasality, frequently a problem in several types of dysarthria.
Proper placement of oral or nasal tonality onto phonemes during speech. Accomplished by raising and lowering of the velum.
Oral resonance is produced when….
Velum is raised and closes off the nasal cavity from vocal air stream. Air stream is out through oral cavity
Nasal resonance is produced when….
Velum is lowered and the oral cavity is blocked by the lips or tongue, directing air stream out through the nose.
Articulation
The quality of voice determined by the pharyngeal and velopharyngeal muscles, which control the shape of the vocal tract above the larynx, most crucially the degree to which the voice is transmitted through the oral cavity rather than the nasal cavity and vice versa. Excessive nasal transmission leads to a perception of hypernasality, frequently a problem in several types of dysarthria.
Shaping of the vocal air stream into phonemes
Prosody
The variations in pitch, loudness, and duration across syllables that help convey stress, emphasis, and emotion. They are a reflection of the combined activities of respiration, phonation, resonance, and articulation.
Melody of speech. Uses stress and intonation
Stress
Changing pitch, loudness, and duration of syllables within words
Intonation
Use of pitch changes and stress to communicate i.e. making sentence a question or exclamation
Causes of Flaccid Dysarthria
Damage to the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, or the neuromuscular junction
Characteristics of Flaccid Dysarthria
Muscle weakness that results in: breathy phonation, Imprecise consonants, hypernasality, shallow breath support, and abnormal prosody
Causes of Spastic Dysarthria
Bilateral damage to the upper motor neurons of the pyramial an extrapyramidal systems; often caused by brainstem strokes
Characteristics of Spastic Dysarthria
Spasticity and weakness in the speech musculature that results in harsh or strained-strangled phonation, imprecise consonants, hypernasality, and abnormal prosody
What causes Hyperkinetic Dysarthria
Dysfunction of Basal ganglia
May include Chorea, Dystonia, myoclonus, degenerative diseases, TBI, stroke
Choreic Motions
sometimes jerky and abrupt, non purposeful, or appear dance-like, smooth and coordinated
Chorea
movement disorder distinguished by involuntary movement of limbs, trunk, head and neck
Sydenham’s Chorea
rare disorder affecting children after rheumatic fever
