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Motor Speech Disorders > Motor Speech > Flashcards

Motor Speech Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three things that the Neurological process of speech involves?

A

1) Cognitive- Linguistic Process
2) Motor Speech Programming
3) Neuromuscular Execution

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2
Q

What are the two types of Motor speech disorders?

A

Dysarthria & Apraxia

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3
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

Motor speech d/o caused by disturbances of muscular control due to damage in CNS or PNS.

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4
Q

What are the three things that can happen to the speech musculature with Dysarthria?

A

1) Paralysis
2) Weakness
3) Incoordination

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5
Q

What are the 5 speech subsystems?

A

1) Respiration
2) Resonance
3) Phonation
4) Prosody
5) Articulation

**RRPPA

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6
Q

What are the 6 types of dysarthria?

A

1) Flaccid
2) Spastic
3) Ataxic
4) Hypokinetic
5) Hyperkinetic
6) Mixed

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7
Q

What is Apraxia?

A

Impaired ability to program sensorimotor commands for the positioning & mvmt of muscles for volitional production of speech.

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8
Q

T/F It is more likely for Dysarthria to co-occur with Aphasia than Apraxia.

A

False- Apraxia is more likely to co-occur w/ Aphasia.

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9
Q

What are the two subsystems of speech that are affected in Apraxia?

A

1) Articulation

2) Prosody

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10
Q

What articulation errors are present in Apraxia?

A

1) Inconsistency of errors

2) Difficulty initiating speech.

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11
Q

T/F Prosody is not affected in Apraxia of Speech.

A

False- Prosody is affected due to starting/stopping when self-correcting.

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12
Q

List the 5 stages in the course of a given dz?

A

1) Transient
2) Improving
3) Progressive
4) Exacerbating-Remitting
5) Stationary

TIPES

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13
Q

What does it mean when a dz is considered transient?

A

It means that the symptoms come and go. Ex: Bell’s Palsy.

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14
Q

What is Exacerbating - Remitting?

A

When symptoms occur, then get better, then occur again, gets worse, then better, etc. Unpredictable.

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15
Q

What is the course of dz for ALS considered?

A

Progressive aka degenerative.

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16
Q

T/F Tx for dysarthria always depends on the severity and course of dz.

A

True.

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17
Q

Development of symptoms can be ______, _________, or _________.

A

Acute (minutes), Subacute (days), or Chronic (months).

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18
Q

T/F Acute means that symptoms appear within the course of days or weeks.

A

False- comes on quickly within minutes.

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19
Q

What does it mean when the development of symptoms are chronic?

A

It means it comes on within months.

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20
Q

Most motor speech disorders are associated with which of the following?

a) Acute d/o
b) Subacute d/o
c) Chronic d/o

A

C) Chronic d/o

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21
Q

The course of motor speech d/o’s depends on __________.

A

Etiology.

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22
Q

The brain and spinal cord make up the ________.

A

Central Nervous System (CNS).

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23
Q

What are the three parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum.

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24
Q

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?

A

Anterior, Posterior, Flocculonodular.

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25
Q

The midportion of the cerebellum is also known as what?

A

Vernis

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26
Q

Which part of the brainstem controls respiration?

a) midbrain
b) pons
c) medulla

A

c) medulla

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27
Q

What are the four anatomic levels of the CNS?

A

1) Supratentorial
2) Posterior
3) Spinal
4) Peripheral

SPSP

28
Q

T/F The nucleus of the Cranial Nerves are inside of the brainstem then exit into axons.

A

True.

29
Q

What are fossae?

A

3 cavities in the base of the skull.

“fossa” = “ditch”

30
Q

What are foramina?

A

Holes in fossae where cranial nerves exit the skull.

31
Q

What makes up the supratentorial level of the CNS?

A

Anterior & Middle Fossae,
All of the lobes of the Cerebrum,
BG, Thalamus, & Hypothalamus,
CN I & II.

32
Q

What makes up the posterior level of the CNS?

A

Posterior Fossa,
Brainstem & Cerebellum,
CN III-XII (3-12 aka all the rest).

33
Q

Why are the cranial nerves paired and why is that important for speech purposes?

A

It is protected, one is on the left and one is on the right.

34
Q

The three layers of meninges that surround the CNS are_________, __________, _________.

A

1) Dura mater
2) Arachnoid Mater
3) Pia mater

35
Q

What are the three spaces that surround the meninges?

A

1) Epidural- b/w skull and dura
2) Subdural- below dura (prone to infection)
3) Subarachnoid- below arachnoidmater (contains CSF)

36
Q

The ________ space is filled with CSF and is connected to the inner part of the brain via the ventricular system.

A

Subarachnoid.

37
Q

What is a nerve?

A

a group of nerve fibers (axons).

38
Q

What are the 6 Neurologic Systems?

A

1) Ventricular system
2) Vascular system
3) Neurochemical system
4) Consciousness system
5) Motor system
6) Sensory System

39
Q

What is another name for the ventricular system and what does it mainly consist of?

A

Cerebrospinal system.

Consists of Paired lateral ventricles (in each hemisphere), third ventricle (b/w the 2 thalami), & 4th ventricle.

40
Q

What structure produces CSF? Where is it found?

A

Choroid plexus; within the ventricles.

41
Q

What is the function of the vascular system of the brain?

A

Provides O2 and nutrients to structures and removes waste.

42
Q

What structures does the vascular system involve?

A

Blood vessels, arterial systems (2= aka carotid and vertebral basilar systems). Join into COW @ base of brain.

43
Q

What does the neurochemical system involve?

A

Amino acids, ACH, neuropeptides, etc. influences all anatomic levels of nervous system.

44
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

An Axon & the muscle fiber that it innervates.

45
Q

Structures found in the Supratentorial levels and the posterior fossa level are involved in which neurologic system?

A

Consciousness system- this system is important for maintaining consciousness, awareness, & attention in the environment.

46
Q

What structures are involved in the Motor system?

A

BG, cerebellum, CNS/PNS pathways, efferent (exit) connection to the cortex.

47
Q

The Sensory system includes which structures?

A

The peripheral receptor organs.

48
Q

In the PNS, groups of fibers are called ______, whereas in the CNS groups of fibers are called _________.

A

Nerves; Pathways or Tracts.

49
Q

Name 3 supporting glial cells & describe them.

A

1) Oligdendroglia cells- form myelin in CNS.
2) Schwann cells- form myelin in PNS
3) Astrocytes- found in CNS; moves substances b/w blood & neurons. Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Keeps toxins out of brain.

50
Q

The spaces b/w the myelin are called _____________.

A

Nodes of Ranvier.

51
Q

Name 2 dz’s that cause demyelination.

A

Guillian Barre dz & Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

52
Q

If LMN innervation is lost, what will happen to the muscle?

A

It will atrophy. May also cause fasciculations if not properly innervated.

53
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Lack of O2 caused by disruption in the blood supply.

54
Q

Multifocal damage means that the damage is ___________.

A

In more than 1 area.

55
Q

T/F The thalamus helps to mediate speech, languages, and cognitive function.

A

True.

56
Q

The BG consists of _________, ___________, and ____________.

A

Globus pallidus, putamen, caudate nucleus. Striatum= putamen and caudate nucleus.

57
Q

The Lentiform nucleus in the BG consists of which two structures?

A

Globus pallidus & putamen.

58
Q

Which two structures work w/ the BG that are important for motor control.

A

Subthalamic nuclei & Substantia Nigra

59
Q

What is the Substantia Nigra?

A

It works w/ the BG. Located primarily in the midbrain. Sometimes considered part of the BG.
Function = Imp. in motor control.

60
Q

T/F The reticular formation is part of the brain stem and is important in motor control.

A

True.

61
Q

Localizations of damage (lesions) can be _________, ____________, or _____________.

A

Focal, multifocal, or diffused (typically bilateral) ex: dementia= generalized cerebral atrophy.

62
Q

What are the broad categories (6) of etiologies for Motor Speech Disorders (MSD)?

A

1) Degenerative- ALS
2) Inflammatory- meningitis
3) Toxic- drugs, etc.
4) Neoplastic dz- tumors
5) Traumatic injuries- gunshot
6) Vascular dz - CVA/Stroke

DITNTV

63
Q

LMNs are involved in motor mvmt. Where do they originate and which nerves do they consist of?

A

Originate in the brainstem or spinal cord. Consist of CNs (12 pairs) and Spinal Nerves (31 pairs).

64
Q

Where do UMNs originate?

A

Motor Cortex and they project down (axons) and synapse with the LMNs (cranial and spinal neurons).

65
Q

T/F LMNs only move when UMNs send an impulse for it to do so.

A

True.

66
Q

What are the FOUR main parts of the Speech Motor System?

A

1) Final Common Pathway- also LMNs or PNS.
2) Direct Activation Pathway
3) Indirect Activation Pathway
4) Control Circuits

67
Q

Why is it called the “Final Common Pathway” ?

A

B/c it is the last link in the sequence of events that leads to motor movement.

Motor Speech Disorders (3 decks)

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