Motor skill learning

Question 1

the goal of practice is to develop the capacity to do what?

Answer 1

to produce skill at diff time/place/setting.. making it generalized.

Question 2

Who wrote first book on motor control and learning?

Answer 2

schmidt.

Question 3

Motor learning is a set of processes associated with _______

what does it lead to?

Answer 3

practice

leads to relatively permanent changes.

Question 4

gives us accuracy from beginning as well as difference between groups consistency of movement.

Answer 4

performance curve.

Question 5

what does a negatively accelerated performance curve show?

Answer 5

rate of learning faster change in beginning than end.

Question 6

What is the purpose of retention tests?

Answer 6

test patient at later time to see if they retained info.

interested in permanent changes.

Question 7

Purpose of transfer tests?

Answer 7

transferring knowledge from one setting to another.

transfer to real life.

Question 8

What are the 3 ways of measuring performance and learning?

Answer 8

performance curve
Retention test
and transfer test

Question 9

What are ways of measuring performance and learning in a clinical situation?

Answer 9

daily notes (performance curve)
Functional outcomes (retention test)
Generalizability of task.

Question 10

Open vs closed movement.

Answer 10

open: hitting baseball
closed: hitting golf ball

Question 11

What are the stages of skill acquisition and who are founders?

Answer 11

Cognitive phase
Associative Phase
Autonomous phase

Fitts and Posner.

Question 12

In the cognitive phase of skill acquisition there is emphasis on

Answer 12

conscious processing and verbalizing of task requirements.

a lot of errors and performance is variable.

Question 13

In the associative phase of skill acquisition, What has been learned?

Answer 13

basic fundamentals

Question 14

the associative phase is the beginning of

Answer 14

an internal spatial temporal reference of movement.

Question 15

In associative phase, Performance is ____

Answer 15

less variable
more accurate

more work on refining the skill

Question 16

In the autonomous phase of skill acquisition, the skill has

Answer 16

become automatic, can be performed without much attention

Question 17

in autonomous phase, errors are

Answer 17

easily detected and corrected.

Question 18

In bernsteins model of skill acquisition, emphasis is on controlling

Answer 18

Degrees of freedom in movement.

Question 19

What are the 3 stages of bernsteins model of skill acquisition

Answer 19

Novice (simplify mvmnt. less DOF)
Advanced stage (add DOF)
Expert( All DOF. task most coordinated)

Question 20

Gentiles 2 stage model describes ____ of the learner at each stage

Answer 20

the goal

Question 21

What is the goal in stage 1 of Gentiles model?

Answer 21

Learner develops understanding of task. getting idea of goal, strategies, demands.

Question 22

What is the goal of stage 2 in Gentiles model?

Answer 22

to refine movement. called fixation/ diversification.

Question 23

General stages of skill acquisition require

Answer 23

gradual progression
negative accelerating pattern
practice.

Question 24

Time and ant of cigar rolls needed to reach peak speed?

Answer 24

2 years= 100,000 rolls.
improvement slowed after but continued

consistency

Question 25

What are the aspects of skill?

who though this?

Answer 25

Consistency
Flexibility
Efficiency
taxonomy of skill
closed/open

Gentile

Question 26

can be defined as a set of rules

Answer 26

schema

Question 27

how are schemas developed

Answer 27

by abstracting important info from related experiences and combining them into a rule.

Question 28

environment, position of body plus movement goal

Answer 28

initial conditions.

Question 29

environment and goal are 2 conditions that will put out

Answer 29

specific movement specifications.

Question 30

generalized motor programs, limbs, environment, movement outcome are _____

Answer 30

Response specifications

you start to get sensory feedback

Question 31

What are the sensory consequences from the response specifications??

Answer 31

form cutaneous system and proprioception through visual and auditory feedback as well as extrinsic feedback (KR/KP)

Question 32

What is the measured outcome/ knowledge of results feedback in schmidts motor response schema?

Answer 32

error detection and refinement.

Question 33

Changes that occur as learner progresses through stages of learning?

Answer 33

neural, biochemical, and behavioral changes.

Question 34

what changes first, accuracy or velocity?

Answer 34

accuracy

Question 35

Examples of changes that occur as learner progresses?

Answer 35

limb coordination
muscle activation
vision
kinematic characteristics

Question 36

Who studied changed in brain upon normal learning?

Answer 36

Karni

Question 37

What was the task in karin’s experiment?

Answer 37

do thumb opposition at certain sequence and time it/ measure error/ count sequences.

Question 38

What were results of Karnis task?

Answer 38

at first movement was great then slowed. but control did not change

fMRI showed more neural activity in trained sequence.

Motor practice induced recruitment of more units.