Motor skill learning Flashcards
the goal of practice is to develop the capacity to do what?
to produce skill at diff time/place/setting.. making it generalized.
Who wrote first book on motor control and learning?
schmidt.
Motor learning is a set of processes associated with _______
what does it lead to?
practice
leads to relatively permanent changes.
gives us accuracy from beginning as well as difference between groups consistency of movement.
performance curve.
what does a negatively accelerated performance curve show?
rate of learning faster change in beginning than end.
What is the purpose of retention tests?
test patient at later time to see if they retained info.
interested in permanent changes.
Purpose of transfer tests?
transferring knowledge from one setting to another.
transfer to real life.
What are the 3 ways of measuring performance and learning?
performance curve
Retention test
and transfer test
What are ways of measuring performance and learning in a clinical situation?
daily notes (performance curve) Functional outcomes (retention test) Generalizability of task.
Open vs closed movement.
open: hitting baseball
closed: hitting golf ball
What are the stages of skill acquisition and who are founders?
Cognitive phase
Associative Phase
Autonomous phase
Fitts and Posner.
In the cognitive phase of skill acquisition there is emphasis on
conscious processing and verbalizing of task requirements.
a lot of errors and performance is variable.
In the associative phase of skill acquisition, What has been learned?
basic fundamentals
the associative phase is the beginning of
an internal spatial temporal reference of movement.
In associative phase, Performance is ____
less variable
more accurate
more work on refining the skill
In the autonomous phase of skill acquisition, the skill has
become automatic, can be performed without much attention
in autonomous phase, errors are
easily detected and corrected.
In bernsteins model of skill acquisition, emphasis is on controlling
Degrees of freedom in movement.
What are the 3 stages of bernsteins model of skill acquisition
Novice (simplify mvmnt. less DOF)
Advanced stage (add DOF)
Expert( All DOF. task most coordinated)
Gentiles 2 stage model describes ____ of the learner at each stage
the goal
What is the goal in stage 1 of Gentiles model?
Learner develops understanding of task. getting idea of goal, strategies, demands.
What is the goal of stage 2 in Gentiles model?
to refine movement. called fixation/ diversification.
General stages of skill acquisition require
gradual progression
negative accelerating pattern
practice.
Time and ant of cigar rolls needed to reach peak speed?
2 years= 100,000 rolls.
improvement slowed after but continued
consistency
What are the aspects of skill?
who though this?
Consistency Flexibility Efficiency taxonomy of skill closed/open
Gentile
can be defined as a set of rules
schema
how are schemas developed
by abstracting important info from related experiences and combining them into a rule.
environment, position of body plus movement goal
initial conditions.
environment and goal are 2 conditions that will put out
specific movement specifications.
generalized motor programs, limbs, environment, movement outcome are _____
Response specifications
you start to get sensory feedback
What are the sensory consequences from the response specifications??
form cutaneous system and proprioception through visual and auditory feedback as well as extrinsic feedback (KR/KP)
What is the measured outcome/ knowledge of results feedback in schmidts motor response schema?
error detection and refinement.
Changes that occur as learner progresses through stages of learning?
neural, biochemical, and behavioral changes.
what changes first, accuracy or velocity?
accuracy
Examples of changes that occur as learner progresses?
limb coordination
muscle activation
vision
kinematic characteristics
Who studied changed in brain upon normal learning?
Karni
What was the task in karin’s experiment?
do thumb opposition at certain sequence and time it/ measure error/ count sequences.
What were results of Karnis task?
at first movement was great then slowed. but control did not change
fMRI showed more neural activity in trained sequence.
Motor practice induced recruitment of more units.
