Motor Learning Principles Flashcards
Define motor learning
a relatively permanent change in the performance level of a motor skill as a result of practice
list the processes that make up/contribute to motor learning
- Talent of ability
- Type and Timing of Practice
- Motivation
- Timing and Type of Feedback
- Practice conditions
- Psychosocial influences
Different learning curves
- > linear earning curve
- > the fast start curve
- > the slow start curve
- > the stop-start curve
Stages of motor learning
- Cognitive (first learning)
- Associative (fundamental skills established but not perfect)
- Autonomous stage (skill is performed with little thought)
coaching during the cognitive stage
- > allow for small blocks of distributed practice (short sessions with frequent breaks)
- > teach simple and gross motor skills first
- > break the skill into parts, where possible, rather than practicing a whole skill
Factors affecting learning motor skills
- > physical characteristics
- > endurance/strength/flexibility
- > psychosocial factors
- > prior skills
- > appropriate feedback
Principles to consider in practice
- > speed and accuracy
- > massed vs distributed practice
(massed practice involves studying the material in mass, distributed practice describes a more spaced-out method)
- > whole vs part
(Part learning is the method of teaching by practicing parts of a whole and focusing on it)
List types of Task intrisic feedback
- > visual feedback
- > auditory feedback
- > proprioceptive feedback
- > tactile feedback
List types of augmented feedback
- > Knowledge of results (KR)
refers to how successfully a skill is performed; the skills outcome
- > Knowledge of performance (KP)
feedback related to the way in which a specific skill is performed; quality of execution
Changes that occur with motor learning
- > improvements in coordination
- > changing preferred coordination patterns from old patterns
changes in…
- > muscle used to perform the skill
- > energy cost
- > visual selective attention
- > attention demands
- > error detection and correction capability
- > brain activity (neuroplasticity)
Explain the degrees of freedom problem in reference to coordination
the degrees of freedom problem in motor control states that ther are multiple ways for humans/animals to perform a movement in order to acheive the same goal
- > i.e. there are many different ways to configure your arm so that your hand is in a certain position (many combinations of joint movements)
how do you become an expert
- > intense deliberate practice
- > minimum 10 years
- > knowledge becomes more organized
- > more efficient use of vision
Persistence vs Tenacity
Percistancey - repeat the same thing over and over with no improvement/challenge
Characteristics of learning
- Improvement
- Consistency
- Stability
- Persistence
- Adaptability
Since we can’t observe learning, how do we infer it?
- > through retention tests
- > transfer of skills to other activities
