Motor learning and coaching and Sport Psychology Flashcards
Define transfer of learning
Transfer of learning is the influence of past experiences on the learning/performance of new skills.
3 categories of transfer of learning
Skill to Skill
Theory to practice
Training to competition
Define skill to skill learning
Defined as: When previous experience or practice of a skill impacts on the execution of the skill in a new context
Explain what theory to practice transfer of learning involves
Refers to transferring knowledge of a sport or skill into the actual performance scenario
- Analysing team or opposition strengths and weaknesses
- Developing a game plan to succeed
- Describing specific strategies for game situations e.g. set free kick play in soccer.
- Showing movements on a whiteboard at training
What is training to competition transfer of learning
Training sessions should replicate demands of the competition.
- Skills, energy systems, decision making
Training should allow development of information processing and decision making mechanisms.
- Game like drills in training will prepare athletes for competition.
Explain negative effects on transfer of learning
Negative (inhibition) - Where a skill developed in one sport hinders the performance of a skill in another sport (e.g. Tennis forehand shot to badminton forehand)
Explain the positive effects on transfer of learning
Positive (facilitation) - Where a skill developed in one sport helps the performance of a skill in another sport (e.g. Netball chest pass to basketball chest pass)
Explain zero effect on transfer of learning
Zero - Where a skill in one sport has no impact on the learning of a new skill (e.g. Golf drive to AFL handball)
Purpose and 5 steps of Knudsen and Morrison movement analysis model
To identify errors that may be limiting performance or to determine errors that might lead to injury.
Step 1: Preparation
Step 2: Observation
Step 3: Evaluation
Step 4: Intervention
Step 5: Re-Observation
What occurs in the preparations stage? (Knudsen and Morrison)
Preparation Stage
The coach needs a pre-requisite knowledge base about the particular skill.
A checklist might be created that outlines key technical points to analyse.
(Generally a skill is broken down into the three phases of Preparation, Execution and Follow Through).
What occurs in the observation stage? (Knudsen and Morrison)
Observation Stage
Information is systematically gathered about the performance or movement.
It’s important to plan how to best observe:
- Where will you observe: In a lab, at training, during competition
- Will you use video or direct observation?
What occurs in the evaluation stage? (Knudsen and Morrison)
Evaluation Stage
A coach needs to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the performer.
- Prioritise order of importance for corrections
- Refer to checklist- what is being done correctly/incorrectly.
What occurs in the intervention stage? (Knudsen and Morrison)
Intervention Stage
The coach will provide feedback and corrections to the performer, with the intention to improve performance.
- Feedback will be given to motivate, to change performance or to reinforce learning.
- Coach should explain what errors are occurring and why.
- Describe the drills and activities that should be done to address problems
What occurs in the reevaluation stage? (Knudsen and Morrison)
The coach will re-observe the activity/skill to determine if improvement has been made.
What are checklists + advantages and disadvantages?
Checklist will contain the key components of a skill to be analysed. They are usually broken into the 3 key phases of skill execution - preparation, execution, follow through.
Advantages of using a checklist:
-a written form of feedback, it can be kept/referred to provide key aspects of the ideal performance/technique required
- able to arrange information into strengths and weaknesses for the athlete
- provide athlete time to go through the feedback at own pace and plan for improvements
Disadvantages:
- may be too simple in design and not provide enough feedback/comments on technique/athlete
- may be lost or misplaced
- time consuming to complete
Questionairres advantages and disadvantages?
Advantages:
- athlete can complete at a convenient time
- questions can be tailored to gain knowledge as required
- athlete and coach can use information together and plan for improvement
Disadvantages:
-questionnaire may be too simple in design and not provide enough feedback
- it may be lost or misplaced
- it may be time consuming to complete
Peer feedback advantages and disadvantages?
Advantages:
- athlete may relate better to their peer providing the feedback than their coach
- athlete does not feel judged when feedback is coming from a peer
- improve psychology/wellbeing of athlete as they are able to express themselves more openly with their peer
Disadvantages:
- peer may not have the appropriate knowledge to provide the feedback
- peer may not express what they actually see so as to not hurt the athlete’s feelings
- athlete may ignore the feedback given as they might feel they know more
Video analysis advantages and disadvantages?
Advantages:
- can be stored for future use by athlete and track progress
- can be compared against an exemplar
- can be reviewed multiple times by coach/athlete
- athlete can re-watch it immediately and make adjustments
Disadvantages:
- can restrict seeing athlete as a whole, if videoed from one angle
- it could be quite costly to purchase the video and analysis programs/apps
- if no sound, could be difficult to recall what was said
- may have limited storage capacity/quality of focus is poor
Define and explain how you would teach shaping.
Provide example
When a simplified or incomplete version of a skill are practiced, and as mastery takes place the missing components are added.
- Demonstrate or explain the complete skill
- Use a simple or incomplete version that includes important actions
- Add missing elements
- Use more practice to build speed, accuracy & fluency.
- Order of components is less important.
E.g. Focus on high elbow lift in freestyle practice. Throw a tennis ball when learning how to spike in volleyball. Use tennis racquet and a tee to hit a baseball.
Define and explain chaining and why its useful. Provide an example.
When a skill is broken down into separate components and practiced individually. Each component is then joined back together. Can be forward chained or backward chained.
- Break the skill into key component parts.
- Practice each part (perfecting each part before moving on to the next).
- You can forward or backwards chain - begin at the beginning of the skill (forward) or end (backward).
- The order is important.
-Increases confidence & motivation are increased
- Useful for those with limited attention
- It is time consuming
E.g. Triple jump - teach the hop, then the step and finally the jump. Put each part together.
When it authoritarian leadership useful?
The authoritarian style is useful when the situation requires:
- High pressure situation and the coach can assume responsibility for making decisions (e.g. Finals).
- Involvement of large groups.
- If the team has a low degree of cohesion and can’t make decisions themselves.
- If the team has minimal experience as the coach is highly knowledgeable so can teach.
When is democratic leadership style useful?
The democratic style is useful:
- When time is not limited or important so decisions can be discussed and examined
- The goal is to encourage collaborative problem solving and decision making
- Groups are small so everyone can be heard
- When players are experienced and will have good ideas to contribute
What do strategies such as self-talk, relaxation, performance routines, goal setting, and imagery have a relationship to?
- Self confidence
- Concentration
- Arousal regulation
- Motivation
Self talk definition and example
Defined as the conscious and subconscious positive dialog that occurs in your mind before, during and after competition
Relaxation definition and example
Defined as techniques that establish a physical and mental state of wellbeing.
Example: Taking 3 deep breaths before a free throw
Performance routines definition and example
Defined as a consistent procedure used to prepare for competition. A sequence of actions regularly followed.
Example: An athlete may bounce the ball twice before a free throw
Imagery definition and example
Defined as a mental rehearsal that involves using all your senses to envision a successful outcome in your mind
Define goal setting and give an example (SMARTER)
A goal is a specific level of performance or skill level that you want to achieve.
Example: Any goal set through the SMARTER acronym
S: Specific
M: Measurable
A: Achievable
R: Realistic
T: Time-bound
E: Evaluated
R: Reviewed
Task cohesion definition and example
The way the team works together to achieve common goals.
For example, creating and discussing a match strategy prior to the game based on knowledge of the opponent’s game.
Social cohesion definition and example
The way in which the team works together and the bonds and relationships between members.
For example, encouraging each other and giving a high five when a point is won.
In terms of task and social cohesion, which combination is less successful.
Teams with high social cohesion but low task cohesion are less successful.
3 factors affecting group cohesion
Social loafing, style of leadership and team dynamics will all affect group cohesion.
Social loafing definition
When individuals reduce their effort when performing in a group and hide their lack of effort amongst the effort of other group members.
How can social loafing be reduced
- Make each task important or meaningful to those performing it.
- Ensure people understand that that their own efforts are necessary for a successful outcome.
- Identify the contribution of an individual using with player statistics (AFL, Cricket, Basketball)
- Punish the group for poor performance.
How can players develop team cohesion?
- Get to know the members of the group and create team unity.
- Help other members wherever possible, knowing strengths and weaknesses and accepting individual differences.
- Give positive reinforcement to other members of the group.
- Be responsible, don’t apply blame to other team members instead make positive, constructive changes.
- Communicate honestly and openly with the coach or leader.
- Give 100% effort all the time as dedication and commitment are contagious to other members of the group.
What factors affect team dynamics?
- Size of the team
- Players motivations
- How long the players have played together
- The age of the players
- Contracts
