Motor Learning Flashcards
what is motor learning?
the ability to learn and produce a desired outcome
what is a skill
the ability to do something well, arising from talent, training or practice
what are motor skills
- ability to produce a consistent motor pattern(ex. Diving, passing)
- ability to produce a consistent environmental event (ex. Layup in a basketball game)
skill classifications
Closed Skill
Description: skills that are performed “without reference” to the environment
- it’s always done in the same enviroment (no one is effecting the doer)
- ex. gymnastics -> a gymnast doing a balanced beam routine (or anything that is judged)
- ex. archery -> shooting an arrow at a target under no conditions
skill classifications
open skills
description:** skills that are performed in a changing environment (you have to adjust to the environment all the time)**
ex: team sports (soccer, basketball, hocky…)
Skills exist on a continuum
gymnastics - prue closed
bowling - close to closed
golf - middle to near open (wind etc)
volleyball - closed to open
basketball - pure open
skill classification
Discrete Skill
has a definite beginning and end
- very brief duration
- ex. throwing a ball or discus
- ex. lifting weights (i.e. deadlift, back squat)
skill classification
Continuous skill
has no particular beginning or end
ex. swimming, running, cycling
skill classification
Serial skills
a group of discrete skills to make a new more complicated skill
- Ex. tumbling in gymnastics, spiking a volleyball, goalkeeper in soccer making a high ball save.
Readiness for learning
The preparedness of someone to learn a new skill effectively
consists: maturation, motivation, and prior experiences
readiness for learning
maturation
description: need certain organized patterns of growth established before learning can effectively contribute to development
ex. teaching a child to walk before they are pysically ready does not lead to the greatest outcome
readiness for learning
Prior experience
**Descriptioin: development occurs as a result of a child adapting to demands of the environment, and intellectualizing that adjustment
**
- Assimilation: interpreting new experiences
- Accommodation: adjusting thought processes to deal with new experiences
readiness for learning
Motivation
state of being energized to engage in an activity.
- drive to learn new skills through motivaiton influences their willingness to try new things.
how do we learn?
- similar to computers
- we follow a process(sensory inpot->perception->decision->action->outcome->feedback)
How do we learn?
Sensory input
- info from sensory receptors and environment about movement
- pass info along nerves to brain
- this is called afference
How do we learn?
Perception
- brain processes info, organizes, gives info a meaning
- past experience helps
How do we learn?
Decision
brain decides on an action
ThHow do we learn?
Action
- message is sent to appropriate muscle to respond
- message sent via motor neurons to motor units in the muscle
- this is called efference
How do we learn?
Outcome
The resulting movement (i.e. muscle contracts)
ThHow do we learn?
Feedback
back to sensory input
stages of learning
verbal-cognitive stage
- task is completely new to learner
- learner determines what to do, and what goals are
- improvement is rapid
- movements are jerky and fragmented at first, based on previous learning
- self-talk and attention demands are high (highly focused on task)
stages of learning
Motor Stage (Associative)
- cognitive problems are solved
- start organizing more effective mov’t patterns
- Performance increases rapidly
- consistency increases
- require less energy to perform task
- less self-talk needed
- anticipation develops, helps make movements smoother start to monitor own feedback
stages of learning
Autonomous Stage
- actions become automatic, require no attention
- motor programs well developed
- decrease in attention demands allows individual to perform higher order cognitive activities
- self-confidence increases, ability to detect your own errors increases
What is feedback?
feedback is any sensory in formation about a movement. Helpful in the learning process
feedback
Where do we get feedback from?
intrinsic -the performer’s body (the feel of the movement)
extrinsic - the environment (consequences of your action)
3 types of feed back
Visual feedback
- viewing a demonstration, visualizing correct performance, making mental pictures
- spatial awareness - understanding where your body is in relation to things in your environment
3 types of feed back
Auditory feedback
- cues you hear
- examples: coach yelling “good hit”; sound of the racquet when the ball hits; swoosh of a basketball net
3 types of feed back
Kinesthetic feedback
receptor in our body which gives us cues
- inner ear fluid -> important for balance and motion
- temperature receptors -> role in reflexes (shiver when cold)
- muscle spindles -> in belly of muscle, senses changes in length of muscle and speed of stretching, signals motor neurons to resist stretch (knee jerk reflex)
- golgi-tendon organs -> in the tendons, sense tension in muscles, sends signal to relax muscle
- pacenian corpuscles -> found in deep layers on skin, detect pressure and vibration in the skin
- joint receptors -> give information about position, movement, acceleration, or pain in joint
five phases of a skill
1-preliminary movements
- movements performed to get ready to do the skill, includes footwork and body positioning movements (ex. stand a certain position before racing)
five phases of a skill
2-Backswing or Recovery Movements
movements performed just before they execute force-producing movements
ex. backswing in tennis shots, or arm recovery in swimming
five phases of a skill
3-Force-producing Movements
movements done to produce force for impact or propulsion
five phases of a skill
4-Critical Instant
point that determines a skill’s effectiveness
ex. the instant of release, or movement of contact, instant of takeoff
five phases of a skill
5-Follow-Through
body movements that occur after the critical instant, slows body parts down gradually and helps prevent injury
ex. proper landing after you jump to hit the tennis ball
