Motor Learning - 16 & 17

Question 0

Define memory

Answer 0

Process by which knowledge is encoded, stored, and later retrieved. This produces the ability to store and recall learned experiences

Question 1

Define learning

Answer 1

A change in behavior that results from acquiring knowledge

Question 2

Define motor learning

Answer 2

Learning by doing. Produces relatively permanent change in behavior

Question 3

Define performance

Answer 3

A temporary change in motor behavior seen during practice

Question 4

Define skill retention

Answer 4

The ability to be able to do a skill later, 24 hours, 3 days or one month. Goes along with motor learning

Question 5

Define nonassociative learning and give the two main examples

Answer 5

Occurs when a single stimulus is given repeatedly. Two main types of habituation and sensitization

Question 6

What is habituation? What effect does it have at the neuronal level?

Answer 6

Decreased response to a repetitive stimulation. Decreases synaptic effectiveness.

Question 7

What is sensitization? What effect does it have at the neuron level?

Answer 7

Increased response to repetitive stimulus. Increases synaptic effectiveness can last for hours or days.

Question 8

What is associative learning? Two main types

Answer 8

Learning to predict the relationship between two stimuli or link behavior to a consequence. The two main types are classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Question 9

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 9

Have labs dog experiment. Unconditioned stimulus is used to make an unconditioned response. Then a neutral stimulus is used with no conditioned response. The neutral stimulus is added to the unconditioned stimulus to condition subject. Therefore after conditioning the previous neutral stimulus is now a conditioned stimulus which produces a conditioned response.

Question 10

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 10

The use of positive or negative punishment and reinforcement. Reinforcement rewards good behavior and punishment weakens bad behavior.

Question 11

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 11

Rewarding good behavior by providing a consequence of the individual finds rewarding.

Question 12

What is negative punishment?

Answer 12

Taking away a positive/rewarding stimulus to weaken bad behavior.

Question 13

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 13

Taking away a bad/unpleasant experience as a reward to strengthen good behavior

Question 14

What is positive punishment?

Answer 14

Adding an unpleasant stimulus to weaken bad behavior

Question 15

What are the four types of memory?

Answer 15

Short-term, long-term, declarative, non-declarative

Question 16

What is short-term memory?

Answer 16

Is a working memory from the prefrontal lobe. Transient verbal and visual spatial information that is selectively transferred to long-term memory.

Question 17

What is long term memory?

Answer 17

It is knowledge of a former state of mind. Memory trace is durable. Representation persists even when the content has been out of conscious awareness for a long period of time.

Question 18

What is declarative memory?

Answer 18

It is explicit and has a conscious component it is things you know that you can tell others. Like events, remembering a specific day. Semantic, colors of a thing, capitals of states or countries. Words and their meanings

Question 19

What is non-declarative memory?

Answer 19

A learned skill that you have to show by doing. It does not have a conscious component. Skill learning like knowing how to ride a bicycle. Conditioning either classical or operant. And priming, you’re more likely to use a word you have heard recently.

Question 20

Where in the brain is memory stored?

Answer 20

Distributed throughout the nervous system and different brain regions!!

Question 21

Where is declarative memory stored?

Answer 21

Episodic and semantic are both stored in the hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, and neocortex

Question 22

Where is procedural memory stored? Skills and habits

Answer 22

Stratum, cerebellum, and motor cortex

Question 23

Where is priming and perceptual learning memory stored?

Answer 23

Neocortex

Question 24

Where is simple classical conditioning memory stored?

Answer 24

Amygdala and cerebellum

Question 25

Where is nonassociative learning memory stored?

Answer 25

Reflex pathways

Question 26

What are the four operations for memory formation?

Answer 26

Encoding, storage, consolidation, retrieval

Question 27

What is encoding? Why is it important?

Answer 27

Process by which new information is attended and linked to existing information in memory. This determines how well learned material will be remembered

Question 28

What is storage?

Answer 28

Neural mechanisms and sites by which memory is retained over time.

Question 29

What is consolidation?

Answer 29

The process that makes temporarily stored and easily altered information more stable. Occurs with sleeping.

Question 30

What is retrieval?

Answer 30

Recalling stored information

Question 31

What is neural plasticity?

Answer 31

The ability of neurons neural circuits in the brain to be modified and reorganize itself. Can related to neurotransmitters, synaptic connections, and the homunculus.

Question 32

What are short-term mechanisms of neural plasticity? Which types of learning is it?

Answer 32

Changes synaptic effectiveness. The release of neurotransmitters, and the concentration of intracellular calcium.

Short term nonassociative and classical conditioning.

Question 33

What are long term mechanisms of neural plasticity?

Answer 33

Changes physical structures and functions of neurons. Synthesis of new proteins, growth of new synapses, modification of existing synapses, and altered strength of synaptic connections.

Question 34

What is LTP and LTD?

Answer 34

Long term potentiation and long term depression. Memory that is experience or activity dependent. Use it or lose it phenomena. Influenced by genetics

Question 35

What are the effects of aging on neurons?

Answer 35

Synaptic counts decrease, loss of connections between neurons which contributes to memory loss. Number of neurons does not change much

Question 36

What neuronal changes occur with dementia?

Answer 36

Formation of amyloid plaques which block nutrition to the cells, neurofibrillary tangles, diffuse loss of neurons

Question 37

What is PASA?

Answer 37

Posterior anterior shift with aging. It’s related increased brain activation by compensation from posterior occipital lobe to anterior prefrontal cortex

Question 38

What is forgetting? Is it pathological?

Answer 38

Is a normal process that keeps the brain young and healthy. Although it can be pathological which is amnesia. There are two types: Anterograde- inability to form new memories and retrograde- difficulty retrieving memories

Question 39

What neuroplastic concept can be applied to the beginning stages of therapy to make it more effective?

Answer 39

Mental practice in addition to motor practice is a helpful supplementation

Question 40

What syndromes can habituation exercises be used for in treatment?

Answer 40

Dizziness caused by the vestibular dysfunction, children hypersensitive to tactile stimulus

Question 41

How can classical conditioning be utilized in PT?

Answer 41

Physical assistance and verbal queuing to fix patient exercise with gradual reduction of physical assistance.

Question 42

How can explicit learning to be applied to physical therapy?

Answer 42

Verbally working through the process or skill to be performed, mentally rehearsing movements, eventually putting it all together.