Motor Exam 3

Question 1

Kinematic feedback can allow learners to quickly acquire patterns of coordination that were once considered very difficult, if not impossible, to learn. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Verbal knowledge of performance (KP) statements that specify what a person needs to do to correct a performance error are called _________ KP.

Answer 2

prescriptive

Question 3

In the distributing practice within a single practice session context, which of the following statements is true?

A) Continuous skills are learned better with massed schedules; discrete skills are learned better with distributed schedules.
B) Continuous skills are learned better with distributed schedules; discrete skills are learned better with massed schedules.
C) Both continuous and discrete skills are learned better with massed schedules.
D) Both continuous and discrete skills are learned better with distributed schedules.

Answer 3

B) Continuous skills are learned better with distributed schedules; discrete skills are learned better with massed schedules.

Question 4

An important benefit of the progressive-part practice method is that it
A) keeps practice boredom to a minimum.
B) restricts attention demands on the individual during practice.
C) increases cognitive awareness of the regulatory conditions.
D) facilitates the learning of unimanual coordination skills.

Answer 4

B) restricts attention demands on the individual during practice.

progressive part method, AKA segmentation, involves separating the skill into parts and then practicing the parts so that after one part is practiced, it is then practiced together with the next part, and so on

Question 5

What are 2 types of Verbal KP?

Answer 5

Descriptive – info about errors (for advanced)

Prescriptive – provides corrective info (for early)

Question 6

Augmented feedback that tells a beginner those aspects of the performance that were correct can serve a motivational role to encourage the person to continue to work on achieving the task goal. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 6

True

Question 7

When a person experiences a practice condition where the likelihood of making errors early in practice is high, transfer performance is generally
A) better than that of a practice condition that kept errors to a minimum.
B) worse than that of a practice condition that kept errors to a minimum.
C) not different from that of a practice condition that kept errors to a minimum.
D) the same as that of a practice condition that kept errors to a minimum.

Answer 7

A) better than that of a practice condition that kept errors to a minimum.

Question 8

Identify a true statement about the demonstration that involves beginners observing an unskilled model.

A) It encourages imitation of the unskilled model’s performance of the skill.
B) It encourages the observer to engage in active problem-solving.
C) It enables beginners to perform at a higher level than skilled models.
D) It eliminates the need for a coach to provide feedback to the performer.

Answer 8

B. It encourages the observer to engage in active-problem solving

because when beginners watch an unskilled model perform a task, they often notice mistakes or inefficiencies. This observation encourages them to think critically about how to improve or execute the skill properly, rather than passively imitating what they see.

Question 9

Research shows that when augmented feedback is given to a beginner on every practice trial, it can lead to the beginner becoming_________ on it, which typically leads to poor performance when the augmented feedback is not available.

Answer 9

dependent

Question 10

A physical therapist is working with a patient who is recovering from a brain aneurysm. The individual is practicing how to hold a cup and drink from it. According to Naylor and Brigg’s hypothesis, the physical therapist should have the patient practice this skill in parts. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 10

True

Question 11

The view that modeling benefits skill learning because the model helps the learner develop an accessible representation in memory that will serve as a guide for performing the skill is known as the

A) cognitive mediation theory.
B) symbolic coding theory.
C) dynamic view of modeling.
D) behavioral view

Answer 11

A) Cognitive mediation theory

Question 12

If a person throws a series of 50 darts at a target that cannot be seen and is shown the results of each set of 10 throws at the end of every 10 throws, the augmented feedback technique is called the A) performance-bandwidth technique. B) averaged augmented feedback technique. C) summary augmented feedback technique. D) self-selected technique.

Answer 12

C) summary augmented feedback technique

type of external feedback provided to a learner after a series of practice trials

Question 13

If a skill is high in complexity & low in organization, how should you practice?

Answer 13

Part method

Question 14

To acquire the rhythmic timing of a dance sequence, participants who only heard the model perform the sequence learned it better than those who heard and saw the performance.

⊚ True
⊚ False

Answer 14

False, they learned it as well as the others

Question 15

Instructions that direct attention to the movements used to perform the skill will lead to better learning than verbal instructions that direct the performer’s attention to the intended movement outcomes. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 15

False

Question 16

What are the two types of positive reinforcement?

Answer 16

Intrinsic & Extrinsic

Question 17

What does it mean to do part practice within the whole practice method?

Answer 17

Practice the whole skill but focus the attention on specific parts that need work (momentary intentions)

Question 18

It is preferable to give prescriptive verbal knowledge of performance (KP) to beginners rather than descriptive verbal KP. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Practice schedule A involves two 1-hour practice sessions on each of three days, while schedule B involves one 1-hour practice session on each of six days. In this scenario, schedule A would be referred to as A) blocked practice. B) distributed practice. C) massed practice. D) random practice.

Answer 19

C) massed practice.

Question 20

In addition to variations of non-regulatory conditions, practice of open skills also needs to include a variety of experiences with regulatory conditions that change from one attempt to another. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Quantitative knowledge of results (KR) ultimately leads to better motor skill learning than qualitative KR. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 21

True

Qualitative KR is too general and lacks the specificity for fine-tuning skills

Question 22

Research supporting the cognitive mediation theory of the benefit of demonstration has shown that observational learning involves the development of effective error detection and correction. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 22

True

Question 23

In the context of the timing and frequency of demonstrations, individuals perform better if several demonstrations precede practice. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Each performance of an open skill is unique, because in each performance of the skill, certain characteristics of the movements must match the unique movements required by the_________ conditions.

Answer 24

regulatory

Question 25

From a perception point of view, the benefit of observing a skilled demonstration is that the visual system picks up information about the_________ characteristics of the skill.

Answer 25

1.) invariant coordination

Question 26

An important transfer of learning principle to apply to any part-practice strategy is that positive transfer should occur between the practiced parts of a task & between the practiced parts and the whole task. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 26

True

Question 27

What is a disadvantage of using a random practice schedule?

Answer 27

Learners may have more errors in practice as they adjust to the random schedule

Question 28

When skilled athletes were surveyed about their use of mental imagery, which general type of imagery did they tend to use most often? A) cognitive imagery B) motivation imagery C) visual imagery D) kinesthetic imagery

Answer 28

D) kinesthetic imagery

Question 29

Which of the following best describes a general rule about practice distribution schedules for the length and distribution of practice sessions? A) Distributed practice schedules are better. B) Massed practice schedules are better. C) Both distributed and massed practice schedules lead to the same amount of learning. D) The rule would depend on the type of skill being learned.

Answer 29

A) Distributed practice schedules are better.

Question 30

A drummer who has to learn to perform a piece of music that requires one hand to play a certain rhythm while the other hand plays a different rhythm, should practice according to the_________ method.

Answer 30

fractionization

part-task training method related to asymmetric coordination that involves practicing each arm or leg separately before putting together

Question 31

Define the challenge point hypothesis

Answer 31

Optimally difficult practice conditions should facilitate learning

proposed for determining effective practice conditions based on the difficulty characteristics of the task and person’s skill level

Question 32

What is the term used to describe memory and performance disruption?

Answer 32

Contextual Interference

Question 33

When augmented feedback serves to encourage a person to continue striving to achieve a performance goal, augmented feedback functions as A) a guide to correct errors. B) motivation. C) reinforcement. D) task intrinsic feedback.

Answer 33

B) motivation.

Question 34

Voluntary behavior that can be learned by pairing the behavior with consequent reinforcement

Answer 34

Instrumental conditioning

focuses on the idea that behaviors are strengthened or weakened depending on whether they are followed by rewards or punishments

Question 35

List who high contextual interference conditions are best for

Answer 35

For elite athletes or simple tasks

Question 36

The_________ hypothesis predicts that actions will be more effective when a person focuses their attention on the intended outcomes of an action, rather than on the movements required by the skill

Answer 36

action effect

Question 37

List 3 conditions when to provide KP

Answer 37

Skill requires specific mvt.

Mvt. is complex or multi-limb

Goal is kinematic, kinetic, or muscular

Question 38

The term over-learning refers to the continuation of practice beyond the amount needed to achieve a certain performance criterion. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 38

True

Question 39

List 4 of the 6 simplification strategies

Answer 39

Add auditory cues, Reduce object difficulty, Vary sequence skill progression, Use simulators/VR, Vary attention demands, Vary speed

Question 40

When a computer graphic showing arm velocity during the performance of a skill is shown to a person, the type of augmented feedback is called_________.

Answer 40

Knowledge of Performance (Movement Kinematics)

Question 41

Practice that continues beyond the amount needed to achieve a performance criterion is

Answer 41

overlearning

Question 42

Which of the following attention-related concepts is essential to apply when giving verbal instructions about how to perform a motor skill? A) attention switching B) limited attention capacity C) attentional spotlight D) visual attention

Answer 42

B) limited attention capacity

Question 43

Research evidence has provided support for both the elaboration and action plan reconstruction hypotheses that have been proposed to account for the contextual interference effect. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Which of the following statements about descriptive and prescriptive verbal knowledge of performance (KP) is correct? A) Descriptive verbal KP is preferable to prescriptive verbal KP early in practice. B) Prescriptive verbal KP is preferable to descriptive verbal KP early in practice. C) Either descriptive or prescriptive verbal KP is appropriate to use early in practice. D) Neither descriptive nor prescriptive verbal KP should be used early in practice.

Answer 44

B) Prescriptive verbal KP is preferable to descriptive verbal KP early in practice.

Question 45

Verbal_________ given along with a demonstration can supplement the visual information and help a person better understand how to perform skills.

Answer 45

1.) Cues

Question 46

Augmented feedback is sometimes referred to as extrinsic or external feedback knowledge of results (KR). ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Which of the following is a reason why more practice can lead to poorer retention and transfer test performance?

A) If the to-be-learned task is too complicated, people become bored.
B) Learners cease to engage in enough cognitive effort to improve. C) The practice of criterion task variations reduces one’s capability to remember the movement or transfer learning to a movement variation.
D) Continued practice of the same movement reduces one’s capability to remember the movement or transfer learning to a movement variation.

Answer 47

B) Learners cease to engage in enough cognitive effort to improve.

Question 48

List at least 3 of the 6 ways to provide feedback to a learner

Answer 48

After every trial
Summary feedback
Average feedback
Self-selected
Fading technique
Performance bandwidth

Question 49

How can you improve your ability for imagery?

Answer 49

1. Practice in different places & positions
2. Timing should be the same as the actual skill
3. Use technology (biofeedback, HR monitor)
4. Be specific in use

Question 50

Which of the following types of feedback gives information about the movement characteristics that led to a performance outcome? A) task-intrinsic feedback B) sensory performance feedback C) knowledge of results (KR) D) knowledge of performance (KP)

Answer 50

D) knowledge of performance (KP)

Question 51

What are 4 considerations for using the part method?

Answer 51

1. Skil is complex
2. Skill has independent component parts
3. Need more time to practice difficult parts of the skill
4. To give individual sense of accomplishment

Question 52

Research has shown that people who practice in a blocked practice schedule tend to overestimate how much they are learning during practice. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 52

True

Question 53

An individual is learning a new continuous motor skill. What type of practice distribution should they follow for the length and frequency of their practice sessions and the inter-trial intervals within a practice session (respectively)? A) massed, distributed B) massed, massed C) distributed, distributed D) distributed, massed

Answer 53

C) distributed, distributed

Question 54

The explanation of the contextual interference effect that proposes that the benefit of a random practice schedule is that variations of the skill can be simultaneously compared and contrasted in working memory is known as the_________ hypothesis

Answer 54

elaboration

Question 55

A physical therapist is helping a patient who recently had their leg amputated to walk with a prosthesis. To help the patient, the physical therapist uses a body-weight support system. The therapist is using which simplification strategy?
A) reducing speed
B) reducing attention demands
C) sequencing skill progressions
D) simulators

Answer 55

B) reducing attention demands

Question 56

The sensory-perceptual information that is a natural part of performing a skill is known as A) task-intrinsic feedback. B) augmented feedback. C) concurrent feedback. D) terminal feedback.

Answer 56

A) task-intrinsic feedback.

Question 57

Which of the following is a reason that massed practice is less beneficial than distributed practice when it comes to the length and frequency of the practice?
A) influence of fatigue
B) increased cognitive effort
C) interference of sleep in the consolidation process D) delay in the memory consolidation process

Answer 57

A) influence of fatigue

Question 58

Differences in imagery ability are not just related to an individual’s motivation or ability to concentrate but also distinct neurological processing characteristics associated with the ability to produce mental movement images. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 58

True

Question 59

In the length and distribution of practice sessions, experiments comparing a fewer and longer practice sessions with more frequent and shorter sessions show that practicing skills during _________ sessions leads to better learning

Answer 59

frequent and shorter

Question 60

If you are told “your score was 16 on that attempt,” the type of augmented feedback you received is known as A) sensory feedback. B) augmented sensory feedback. C) knowledge of results (KR). D) knowledge of performance (KP).

Answer 60

C) knowledge of results (KR).

Question 61

Learning is enhanced when learners can self-select when to receive augmented feedback. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 61

True

Learners are able to determine the characteristics of the practice conditions

Question 62

The amount of contextual interference in a practice situation can be considered as a continuum ranging from low to high created by the practice schedule. Which of the following practice schedules describes a low-to-high continuum of practice schedules?

A) blocked-serial-random
B) blocked-random-serial
C) serial-random-blocked
D) random-serial-blocked

Answer 62

A) blocked-serial-random

Question 63

Of the two types of imagery that have been categorized, the one that involves people experiencing the sensations that could be expected in an actual performance situation is called_________ imagery.

Answer 63

kinesthetic

Question 64

In the transfer of learning context, the inclusion of movement and context_________ in practice can be seen as a means of enhancing positive transfer from the practice to the test contexts.

Answer 64

variability

Question 65

In contrast to the neuromuscular hypothesis, the brain activity hypothesis proposes that mental practice is effective because of neurophysiological differences between the imagined and the actual movements. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 65

False

It is because of the similarities between the imagined and actual movements

Question 66

A person who visually imagines themselves performing a skill from the perspective of an observer is performing A) external imagery. B) internal imagery. C) kinesthetic imagery. D) first-person imagery.

Answer 66

A) external imagery.

Question 67

It is important that the verbal instructions given to a beginner should not exceed that person’s limited_________ capacity to attend to information.

Answer 67

1.) attention cognitive

Question 68

Regulatory conditions in a motor skill performance situation include A) speed of a tennis ball during a rally. B) score of a baseball game. C) number of spectators at a game. D) color of the tennis court surface.

Answer 68

A) speed of a tennis ball during a rally.

Question 69

What is one reason why the increase in errors caused by higher levels of contextual interference may be positive for learning? A) Making more errors enhances the capability to detect and correct said errors. B) More errors create cognitive confusion, which is good for learning. C) More errors involve lesser attention demands, which leads to higher physiological activation. D) Making more errors motivates learners to keep trying and learning.

Answer 69

A) Making more errors enhances the capability to detect and correct said errors.

Question 70

The hypothesis that explains the contextual interference effect based on the argument that intervening practice trial causes individuals to forget critical information encoded in the previous trial is the A) action plan reconstruction hypothesis. B) elaboration hypothesis. C) interference hypothesis D) practice specificity hypothesis.

Answer 70

A) action plan reconstruction hypothesis.

Question 71

In the Singer five-step learning strategy, how many of the five steps involve elements of mental practice.

Answer 71

Mental rehearsal - Practice and refinement of the skill - Self-talk

1. Get ready emotionally, physically, mentally
2. Imagine performing action (visually and kinesthetically)
3. Concentrate on one cue
4. Execute action
5. Evaluate performance outcome

Question 72

The “guidance hypothesis,” which relates to the frequency of knowledge of results (KR), challenges which traditional viewpoint about the best frequency for KR? A) The more frequently KR is given, the better the learning will be. B) The less frequently KR is given, the better the learning will be. C) A combination of 100% and relative frequency leads to the best learning. D) More frequent KR early in practice and less frequent KR later in practice leads to the best learning.

Answer 72

A) The more frequently KR is given, the better the learning will be.

Question 73

When mental practice involves visual imagery, it can take the form of internal or external imagery. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 73

True

Question 74

If a skill is low in complexity but high in organization, how should you practice?

Answer 74

Whole method

Question 75

According to the Naylor and Briggs hypothesis, whole practice is recommended for skills that are A) high in task complexity and low in task organization. B) low in task complexity and high in task organization. C) high in task complexity and high in task organization. D) low in task complexity and low in task organization.

Answer 75

B.) low in task complexity and high in task organization.

Question 76

Research has demonstrated that mental imagery ability is an individual-difference variable that influences the success of mental practice. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 76

True

Question 77

When a learner watches a demonstration, what is seen?

Answer 77

1. Invariant features of the motor program
2. Movement coordination
3. Error detection & correction (novice learning)
4. Timing (vision & auditory)

Question 78

What is the difference between fractionization & segmentation?

Answer 78

Fractionization - asymmetric coordination skills where one practices each arm or leg separately

Segmentation - sequential skills; separate skills into parts; practice 1 part then add second part then practice parts 1 & 2 together, then add part 3, etc.

Question 79

What are the 3 characteristics needed for imagery to work?

Answer 79

Controllability, Vividness, & Perspective (internal/external)

Question 80

If a person is given augmented feedback based on a “performance bandwidth,” then the feedback is given when the amount of error is_________ an acceptable range. A) greater than B) lesser than C) equal to D) lesser than or greater than

Answer 80

A) greater than

Question 81

Giving augmented feedback to a beginner only when they request it is better than giving augmented feedback on every trial. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 81

True

• Encourages self-reliance
• Reduces dependency
• Promotes problem-solving
• Enhances motivation
• Prevents overload
• Supports guidance hypothesis - less frequent FB improves long-term retention

Question 82

List the 3 types of muscle-to-mind relaxation techniques & an example of each

Answer 82

1. Diaphragmatic Breathing - rhythmic breathing
2. Controlled tempo - 1:2 ratio
3. 5 to 1 - visualizing #s with inhale/exhale)

Question 83

A term that can be used synonymously with mental practice is_________.

Answer 83

mental rehearsal

Question 84

In experiments that compare all-mental practice to all-physical practice and no practice conditions, results typically show that participants in the all-mental practice condition learn the skill

A) as well as those in the all-physical practice condition, but better than those in the no practice condition.
B) better than those in either the all-physical practice or the no practice conditions.
C) not as well as those in the all-physical practice condition and about the same as those in the no practice condition.
D) not as well as those in the all-physical practice condition, but better than those in the no practice condition.

Answer 84

D) not as well as those in the all-physical practice condition, but better than those in the no practice condition.

Question 85

Research has shown that to achieve the best learning of skills that require both speed and accuracy, the initial verbal instructions should emphasize A) speed rather than accuracy. B) accuracy rather than speed. C) both speed and accuracy. D) either speed or accuracy.

Answer 85

B. Accuracy rather than speed

Question 86

The ________ hypothesis proposes that augmented feedback on every practice trial has a positive effect on practice performance, but has a negative effect on learning the skill.

Answer 86

guidance

Question 87

Which of the following describes a simplification strategy for facilitating the acquisition of a complex skill? A) performing a dance routine at a faster tempo for practicing a complex dance routine B) practicing leg kick first, arm action next, and then both together to learn breaststroke in swimming C) practicing each arm individually and then the two arms simultaneously while playing the guitar D) adding an auditory sound designating rhythmic beat or tempo for practicing gait control

Answer 87

D) adding an auditory sound designating rhythmic beat or tempo for practicing gait control

Question 88

What is a disadvantage of using a blocked practice schedule?

Answer 88

Learners overestimate the amount they have learned

Question 89

What are these both (mirror neurons & dynamic view of modeling) addressing?

Answer 89

Why learning occurs when one observes a demonstration/model

Question 90

In most experiments investigating mental practice and motor skill learning, mental practice alone typically results in learning that is_________ than no physical practice.

Answer 90

better

Question 91

What does the term task organization refer to in the motor skills context? A) the difficulty of the task B) the spatial-temporal relationships among the parts of the task C) the amount of cognitive effort required by the task D) the number of components in the task

Answer 91

B) the spatial-temporal relationships among the parts of the task

Question 92

A progressive part method of practicing a skill has also been called a_________ method of part-task training.

Answer 92

segmentation

Question 93

The neuromuscular explanation for the effectiveness of mental practice has been supported by research showing A) electromyography (EMG) activity in muscles even though the limbs are not moving. B) increased blood flow to appropriate muscles during mental practice. C) muscle activity that causes limbs to move involuntarily. D) muscle spasm activity during mental practice.

Answer 93

A) electromyography (EMG) activity in muscles even though the limbs are not moving.

Question 94

What are mirror neurons?

modeling & demonstrations

Answer 94

A class of visuomotor neurons that fire both when you perform a motor skill and when you observe someone else performing the same or similar skill.

Question 95

What are 4 considerations for using whole practice?

opposite of part

Answer 95

1. Skill is not complicated
2. Skill is not dangerous
3. Working with elite athletes
4. Athelete’s attention span can handle whole method

Question 96

Raoul practiced a skill for 30 seconds and then rested for 5 seconds between trials. Scarlett practiced the same skill for 30 seconds and rested for 40 seconds between trials. Which of the following best describes their practice situation? A) Raoul’s practice is distributed; Scarlett’s is massed. B) Raoul’s practice is massed; Scarlett’s is distributed. C) Both are in a massed practice condition. D) Both are in a distributed practice condition.

Answer 96

B) Raoul’s practice is massed; Scarlett’s is distributed.

Question 97

Baddely and Longman (1978) compared various massed and distributed training schedules for training postal workers and found the worst schedule for learning to be A) 2-hour sessions twice a day for 3 weeks. B) 2-hour sessions once a day for 6 weeks. C) 1-hour sessions twice a day for 6 weeks. D) 1-hour sessions once a day for 12 weeks.

Answer 97

A) 2-hour sessions twice a day for 3 weeks.

Question 98

List 3 conditions for when to provide KR (Knowledge of Results)

the outcome of a mvt. in relation to goal

Answer 98

1. When task-intrinsic FB is not available
2. Working with early learners
3. To motivate/promote active learning

Question 99

According to Gentile, variable practice experiences for closed skills that involve inter-trial variability should focus on varying

A) both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions related to performing the skill.
B) the regulatory conditions related to performing the skill.
C) the non-regulatory conditions related to performing the skill.
D) both high and low contextual interference conditions related to performing the skill.

Answer 99

A) both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions related to performing the skill.

Question 100

Although research supports overlearning as an effective practice strategy for learning motor skills, it is important to remember that the amount of practice is A) more important than variability for influencing skill learning. B) not considered along with other practice-related variables. C) not the critical variable influencing skill learning. D) the most critical variable influencing skill learning.

Answer 100

C) not the critical variable influencing skill learning.

Question 101

Removing an aversive stimuli to increase the probability of the behavior occurring again in the future is ____ reinforcement.

Answer 101

Negative

Question 102

The use of virtual reality to train surgeons to perform laparoscopic surgery utilizes which method of part-whole practice? A) fractionization B) segmentation C) simplification D) progressive part method

Answer 102

C) simplification

Question 103

Although the experiment involving the training of U.S. Army soldiers to assemble and disassemble a machine gun found that both the immediate overtraining and the “refresher” overtraining yielded similar beneficial retention results, they recommended the use of the _________ overtraining procedure.

Answer 103

immediate

Question 104

A motor skill that is low in task organization and high in task complexity should be practiced by the _________ method

Answer 104

part practice

Question 105

If a motor skill should not be physically separated for part-practice, an alternative part-practice strategy for learners is to A) discuss any problems related to a particular part of the skill with an instructor. B) observe a demonstration of the part of the skill they are having difficulty with. C) practice the whole skill but focus attention on specific parts that need work. D) have the instructor tell you what needs to be done to improve a specific part of the skill.

Answer 105

C) practice the whole skill but focus attention on specific parts that need work.

Question 106

In a physical rehabilitation setting, the experiment by Page and colleagues (2005) showed improvements in stroke patients’ use of their affected limb when they engaged in mental practice A) in addition to physical practice of the affected limb. B) in addition to practicing relaxation techniques. C) instead of physical practice of the affected limb. D) of using their unaffected limb.

Answer 106

A) in addition to physical practice of the affected limb.

Question 107

A knowledge of performance (KP) statement that simply describes the error the performer has made is referred to as A) a descriptive KP statement. B) a prescriptive KP statement. C) biofeedback. D) manual guidance.

Answer 107

A) a descriptive KP statement.

Question 108

The interval of time between the completion of a movement and the presentation of augmented feedback between the completion of a movement and the presentation of augmented feedback is the_________ interval.

Answer 108

KR-delay

Question 109

List the 4 types of task-intrinsic feedback

the senses

Answer 109

Visual, Auditory, Proprioceptive, Tactile

Question 110

Rewarding a rat once every 5 presses, then once every 10 presses, then once every 2 presses is what type of reinforcement schedule?

Answer 110

Variable ratio

Question 111

What do results consistently show for the effects of MP vs PP vs NP vs PP + MP?

Answer 111

PP > PP + MP > MP > NP

Question 112

Sleep improves the memory consolidation process which may be one reason why distributing practice sessions is more successful than massing practice. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 112

True

Question 113

List & define the 2 theories that explain contextual interference

Answer 113

1. Elaboration - enhances the strength and quality of the memory representation of mvt. variations in practice
2. Action Plan Reconstruction - refinement of motor program processes

Question 114

Think of a closed motor skill with no inter-trial variability. How would you vary practice conditions?

Answer 114

Vary non-regulatory conditions and focus on contextual interference

Bowling ball ex. (around the same range of release on every trial)

Question 115

Research has shown that when individuals observe movement with the intent to imagine themselves imitating the motions, activity can be detected via fMRI in which brain region? A) inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) B) parietal cortex C) lateral temporal cortex D) supplementary motor area (SMA)

Answer 115

D. Supplementary motor area (SMA)

Question 116

Most research shows that when augmented feedback is based on performance errors versus correct aspects of performance A) error-based feedback is better for facilitating motor skill learning. B) correct performance feedback is better for facilitating motor skill learning. C) error-based feedback is better early in practice, but correct performance feedback is better later in practice. D) correct performance feedback is better early in practice, but error-based feedback is better later in practice.

Answer 116

A) error-based feedback is better for facilitating motor skill learning.

Question 117

According to the experiment by Knapp and Dixon, to learn to juggle three objects, which is a complex task that is high in task organization, practice should engage the_________ method.

Answer 117

whole practice

Question 118

What does the term task complexity refer to in the motor skills context? A) the difficulty of the task B) the spatial/temporal relationships among the parts of the task C) the variations in the performance context characteristics D) the number of components in a skill

Answer 118

D) the number of components in a skill

Question 119

One activity shown to actually benefit skill learning when it occurs in the KR-delay interval is A) practicing another skill that has KR presented on each trial. B) performing any type of motor skill. C) estimating outcome error of another person’s movement. D) estimating one’s own performance outcome error.

Answer 119

D) estimating one’s own performance outcome error.

Question 120

The theory that states we see how level muscle activity during MP which strengthen pathways is called the _______

Answer 120

Neuromuscular hypothesis

Question 121

Identify the conclusion provided by the research on the visual perception of motion. A) People recognize different gait patterns accurately when they see the entire body move. B) People recognize different gait patterns quickly when they see all the limbs move. C) People perceive any one characteristic of the gait to distinguish one type of pattern from another. D) People use the invariant relative time relationship between two components of gait.

Answer 121

D. People use the invariant relative time relationship between two components of gait

Question 122

One reason for proposing a neuromuscular explanation for the benefit of mental practice is that_________ activity has been observed in limbs during mental practice.

Answer 122

electromyographic (EMG)

Question 123

According to Proteau’s hypothesis about the specificity of learning, motor skill learning is specific to the sources of_________ information available during practice.

Answer 123

sensory feedback

Question 124

What is the definition of massed practice?

in terms of rest

Answer 124

A type of practice schedule in which the amount of rest between practice sessions or trials is very short

Question 125

Longer augmented feedback summaries are better for learning A) complex skills. B) simple skills. C) open skills. D) closed skills.

Answer 125

A) complex skills

Question 126

In the motor learning context, high contextual interference conditions require learners to engage more actively in_________ activity during practice schedule.

Answer 126

problem-solving

Question 127

Research finds that learning effects between physical practice only and combinations of physical and mental practice are relatively similar. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 127

True

Question 128

The cognitive explanation for the mental practice effect is consistent with the role cognitive activity plays in A) the intermediate stage of learning. B) the first stage of learning. C) the later stages of learning. D) the transitional stage of learning.

Answer 128

B) the first stage of learning.

Question 129

_________ feedback is performance-related feedback directly available to the sensory system during the performance of a skill.

Answer 129

Task-intrinsic

Question 130

The two categories of augmented feedback are

Answer 130

Knowledge of Results (Why) & Knowledge of Performance (How)

Question 131

List the 9 conditions when MP is beneficial to use

Answer 131

1. Supplementing practice
2. When practice is not possible
3. When cognitive components are stressed
4. To build confidence
5. To focus attention
6. Developing strategy/problem-solving
7. During rehab
8. After injury/surgery
9. In a pre-performance routine

Question 132

Making a complex skill less difficult is known as the_________ method.

Answer 132

simplification

Question 133

Concurrent augmented feedback always has negative effects on motor skill learning. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 133

False

Question 134

When utilizing a part-practice strategy, parts of the skill that are_________ should be practiced separately. A) high difficult B) highly related C) relatively independent D) relatively interdependent

Answer 134

C) relatively independent

Question 135

What is the dynamic view of modeling?

Answer 135

It suggests that observing a skilled model automatically guides the learner’s movement without needing to engage in cognitive mediation, as the visual system directly influences the motor control system.

Vision constrains motor control; skips symbolic coding

Temporal system - no need to store memory code

Direct relationships between vision & learning through observations

Question 136

Think of a closed motor skill with inter-trial variability. How would you vary practice conditions?

intertrial variability - if regulatory conditions change or stay the same between trials

Answer 136

Vary both regulatory and non-regulatory conditions

Free throw shot (shooting 5ft, 10ft, 15ft)

Question 137

When augmented feedback is given while a person is performing a skill or movement, it is known as_________ augmented feedback.

Answer 137

concurrent