Motor Development - exam 1 Flashcards
describe a loading response and explain what occurs during a typical weight shift
helps move center of gravity while moving on base
an elongation of the weighted side and shortening of the un-weighted side – this is what happens in a typical weight shift
Describe progression of patterns of movement (ie. random spontaneous, alternate reciprocal…)
random spontaneous: Random kicking and movement of arms in supine and a little in prone
Want to make sure they are moving both arms, both legs, and their head
bilateral symmetrical: muscles on both sides of the body work together to move
3mo - lift head in prone
alternate reciprocal: 3.5mo - lift head in prone and turns to one side
unilateral symmetrical: Flexor and extensor muscles on the same side of the body work together and in a balanced manner to produce lateral movement of the head and or trunk
- ability to tilt head (4mo) or lateral side-bending
diagonal reciprocal: 7-9mo
most advanced pattern of movement
trunk displays rotation, equilibrium, loading/unloading
Describe the progression of stability through 3 stages: structural stability, positional stability, and internal stability
- Stability is the ability to maintain a posture once it has been assumed
- Result of co-contraction of agonists and antagonists around the joint
- The deeper muscle sand more proximal muscles tend to function more as stabilizes than as mobilizers
structural: - provided by the environment or caregiver
- Results from tissue tightness due to the in-utero positioning
When a newborn is placed in prone, they are able to maintain a flexed position because of tightness in flexor muscles
positional: - 1-7 mo
- Achieved by using the body or body parts to create a large base of support
- Standing with legs wide apart, sitting with legs abducted and with support on arms
- high guard: holding arms out for positional stability
internal stability: - 9mo-1yr
- Internal control mechanism that allows it to maintain position or posture without the need for positional control
- righting reactions, protective extension, and equilibrium reactions
- As this increase, the size of base of support will decreases, ease, freedom, and ROM will increase
Describe the “pull to sit” maneuver and the progression of anti-gravity head control from birth to 6
months.
birth - head lag
3mo - still some lag, head rotates to one side, chin tuck
4-6mo - LE in total flexion, UE begins to pull
Discuss the benefits of sidelying
- Side-lying will maintain symmetry in LE posture
- Side-lying provides new sensory experiences, stimulates lateral head righting, and helps to shape the rib cage and chest
5
Discuss the developmental significance of a non-integrated STNR, TLR, or ATNR
ATNR: Response is NEVER OBLIGATORY in a normal infant
- Persistence beyond 6 months is indication of CNS dysfunction
an obligatory ATNR can result in: Inability to engage hands in midline; scoliosis; subluxation or dislocation of hip on skull side; inability to grasp and regard object at the same time; inability to separate movements of the head from movements of the arms and trunk. If not integrated, will prevent rolling to prone.
STNR:- May be used by infant to get into 4-point position
- Integration coincides with creeping of 4-point position
- Persistence prevents the child from moving trunk and extremities in rotational patterns when head is moved in a sagittal plane
TLR: - Child will not be able to lift head to clear airway in prone
- Child will not be able to bring hands to mouth in supine
- If dominates, motor development will be delayed
Describe the progression of functional visual skills in the developing newborn to 3 month old:
tracking, monocular/binocular vision, acuity (distance to see objects), convergence
1mo: - can track objects from side (45 deg) to midline
- monocular vision
- Can focus on a face
- Difficulty sustaining midline (lateral vision is better)
2mo: - Control of eye muscles and vision are related to head control
- Can fixate briefly in midline and may be able to track up to 180* horizontally
- Binocular vision is starting—both eyes target and see objects together
3mo: - Visual convergence begins, which increases ability for midline regard
- Follows toy from side to side
- Downward tracking is poorly developed and will improve as flexor control develops
- Visual tracking is best when head is slightly extended
Understand the development of reach, grasp, and release: Radial palmer grasp, scissor grasp, 3 jaw chuck, inferior pincer grasp, and inferior pincer grasp.
radial palmar: 6-7mo
object on radial side of hand
thumb in opposition for the first time
inf pincer: 8-9mo
TIP index and thumb only
they are extended and other fingers are flexed for stability
*important for pointing
scissor: 8-9mo
tip of thumb to side of flexed index finger
3 jaw chuck: 10-12mo
pad of thumb and tips of index and middle fingers
ring and pinky are tucked in
inf pincer advanced: 10-12mo PAD of thumb and index or middle finger with other fingers extended
superior pincer: 10-12mo
Tip to thumb of tip of index or middle finger
sewing, sorting
Describe early sitting postures: ring sitting, long sitting, side sitting, “W” sitting.
ring (8 and 9 months) – most stable sitting, used when engaged in fine motor tasks
long (8 and 9 months)– adduction and full extension of the knees (elongated hamstrings).
side (8 and 9 months)– one leg is ER and one leg IR, this creates a weight shift and is a hard position to maintain; good for trunk control
This position allows for an easy transition into quadruped
W (9 months)– sitting with both legs out in internal rotation. It provides a very wide BOS, but should not be encouraged because it can lead to knocked knees on standing and walking & poorly developed hip and trunk control.
Discuss the development of the arches of the hand and the developmental positions which support
development of arches.
As a baby goes to pick up an object, they learn the position their hand needs to be in to do so successfully, and as time progresses they will start to pre-shape their hand while reaching for a toy. This shows motor planning and forward thinking (feedfoward). This is listed as a 6 month skill
Rocking on quadruped helps with development of palmar arches
Forward and backward rocking helps with longitudinal arches
Longitudinal—runs from wrist to fingers
Lateral and diagonal rocking help with the transverse and oblique arches
Transverse—concavity of the wrist
Oblique—formed when thumb opposes fingers
Discuss the relationship between creeping and climbing for development of problem solving and motor planning
Requires the ability to life the trunk from the floor while weight bearing and weight shifting on extended arms with flexed hips
May start as homolateral (same arm and leg at same time); Then progress to diagonal reciprocal pattern
Simultaneous movement of contralateral upper and lower extremities requires diagonal synergistic control of the trunk muscles and counter rotation of the spine
develops problem solving abilities, requires weight shifts, internal stability, strong UE and loading responses
learn directional concepts (their body in relation to objects)
Describe the transition to standing through tall kneeling and 1⁄2 kneeling
8 mo - early pattern requires use of UEs for stability
hip flexors will be released and child will practice hope extensor activity
half kneeling requires more postural control (requires lateral weight shift)
9mo can play in half kneel
10mo easy transitions
Identify the prerequisites needed for independent sitting
postural control and stability, flexion of LE, abdominal mx
Describe the hand grasp and walking pattern of a 12 month old
cruising, supported and unsupported walking, faster speed, wide BOS, short stride, arms start up then relax
grasp - superior pincer (tips)
