Motor Development Flashcards
What is motor development?
Evolution of changes in motor behavior occurring as a result of growth, maturation, and experience
What is the Neural-Maturationist theories (nature)?
Genetically predetermined and neurologically driven (primitive reflexes are building blocks of development)
What drives development in the Neural-Maturationist theories?
Brain and CNS
What is development in the Neural-Maturationist theories?
Linear, predictable, focuses on milestones
How is motor delay interpreted in the Neural-Maturationist theories?
Undue influence of lower level brainstem on the infants movement
What is the cognitive theories (Nurture)?
Experience drives development (trial and error)
How are voluntary movements learned in the cognitive theories ?
From interacting with environment
How is motor delay interpreted in the cognitive theories ?
Lack of exploration through sensorimotor system
What is the dynamic systems theory?
Multiple systems engage to affect change (non linear)
What are the three parts of the dynamic systems theory?
Individual
Environment
Task
How are motor skills learned in the dynamic systems theory?
Through adaptation
How is motor delay interpreted in the dynamic systems theory?
Constraints in impairments limiting motor behavior
What are the other aspects of movement other than motor/MSK?
Knowledge of the world (cognition)
How one can affect the world (adaptive skills)
Exchange of ideas (language)
Connections to others (social)
What are the extrinsic factors that influence child development?
Body mass
Nutrition
MSK system factors
Cultural differences
Task demands
What are the intrinsic factors that influence child development?
Cognitive and behavioral factors (arousal, motivation, memory, prior experience)
Sensory factors (vision, vestibular, somatosensory)
What is postural control/balance?
Controlling the body’s position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation
What is postural orientation?
Ability to maintain an appropriate relationship within the body segments and between the body and environment
What is postural stability?
Ability to control the COM relative to BOS
What is the center of mass?
Point that is at the center of total body mass
What is the center of gravity?
Vertical projection of COM
What is the base of support?
Area of the body that is in contact with the support surface
What three body systems contribute to postural control?
Sensory
MSK
Motor control
What is the righting response?
Head righting for gaze stabilization and orientation of environment (rolling to left causes righting to right)
What is the order of the equilibrium response in sitting?
Pelvis, torso, head, UE protective response
What is the order of directions in the equilibrium response in sitting?
Anterior, side, posterior
What is the order of the equilibrium response in standing?
Ankle, hip, torso, LE stepping response
What is reactive postural adjustments?
Response to sensory feedback from an external perturbation (emerges before anticipatory postural adjustments)
What is anticipatory postural adjustments?
Anticipatory postural adjustments in preparation of voluntary movement
What are some examples of reactive postural adjustments?
Peers bumping into at school
Family dog bumping into you
What are some examples of anticipatory postural adjustments?
Kicking a ball
Reaching for an object
What makes postural control and balance unique in pediatrics?
Constant adaptation (stages of development)
Growth
Sensory system development
When do children achieve adult like directionally specific postural control strategies?
7-10 years
When do children achieve sway in standing adult like levels?
12-15 years
How do children development?
Top down
Proximal to distal
Stability before instability
Do children acquire skills linearly?
No they can acquire skills in different orders and may even skip some skills
What is a precursor to all other gross motor skills?
Head control
What is head control strongly associated with?
Vision and eye control
What are the 3 stages of sitting?
Upright head and torso when supported in sitting
Sits independently briefly with poor controlled equilibrium responses
Sits independently well with efficient postural control
What is early mobility in children driven by?
Desire to access environment
What does sitting lead to?
Bimanual exploration
What does object manipulation lead to?
Learning size, shape, and weight
What does mobility lead to?
Social, communication, and cognitive development
What stage are children at when they are newborn?
Physiological flexion
What are some characteristics of newborns?
No head lifting in prone
Unable to keep head in midline in supine
Reflexive standing and stepping
What stage are children when they are 3 months old?
Prone on elbows
What are some characteristics of a 3 month old?
Holds head up in prone
Holds head in midline in supine
Starts to bring hands together
Does not weight bear when held in supported standing
What is the key milestone at 6 months?
Independent sitting
What are some characteristics of a 6 months old?
Gains head control
Cannot move in and out of sitting
Plays with feet in supine
Weight bears in supported standing
What is the key milestone of a 9 month old?
Creeping in quadruped
What are some characteristics of a 9 month old?
Transition in and out of sitting well
May begin to pull to stand at furniture
What is the key milestone of a 12 month old?
Independent standing and first steps
What are some characteristics of a 12 month old?
Transition in and out of standing without furniture
Beginning to squat
How does reaching begin in children?
With ballistic strategies
When does vision begin to influence reaching in children?
Between 5-9 months
How do children reach at first?
With both arms
What develops first a fisted hand or open hand?
Fisted hand
What develops first a volitional grasp or volitional release?
Volitional grasp
What develops first a ulnar grasp or radial grasp?
Ulnar grasp
What develops first a gross control or fine control?
Gross control
Slide 7 on part 4 of motor development (look at table)
What develops first a radial palmar grasp or radial digital grasp?
Radial palmar grasp
What develops first an inferior pincer grasp or superior pincer grasp?
Inferior pincer grasp
How is anticipatory control of the hand at 5 months?
Begin to shape their hand in anticipation of size
How is anticipatory control of the hand at 8 months?
Use of vision to orient their hand prior to grasp
