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BRS2 > Motor cortical control > Flashcards

Motor cortical control Flashcards

1
Q

what are the pyramidal tracts?

A

corticospinal and corticobulbar

they pass through the pyramids of the medulla

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2
Q

what are the extrapyramidal tracts?

A 
vestibulospinal 
tectospinal
reticulospinal
rubrospinal
not pass through the pyramids of the medulla
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3
Q

what does the primary motor cortex do?

A

control fine, discrete, precise voluntary movement

descending signals to execute movements

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4
Q

what does the premotor area do and where is it?

A

-> anterior of the primary motor cortex
planning movements
regulate externally cued movements

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5
Q

what does the supplementary motor area do and where is it?

A

anterior and medial to the primary motor cortex

involved in planning complex movements

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6
Q

describe the corticospinal

A

Lower motor neurone -> 85-90% of the fibres cross lateral corticospinal tract supplying the limbs -> decussation of the pyramids

the anterior which is the rest continue, and not decussate -> continue in medulla, midbrain and cerebral peduncle at the upper motor neurone in the motor cortex

these are the trunk muscls

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7
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract?

A

primary motor pathway for the voluntary movements of the face and the neck

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8
Q

describe the path of the corticobulbar pathway?

A

basal ganglia (precentral gyrus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus)

nerves-> ocuolomotr
trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial and hypoglossal nuclei

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9
Q

What is the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Stabilise head during body movements, or as head moves​

Coordinate head movements with eye movements​

Mediate postural adjustments

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10
Q

What is the reticulospinal tract?

A

Most primitive descending tract - from medulla and pons​

Changes in muscles tone associated with voluntary movement​

Postural stability

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11
Q

What is the tectospinal tract?

A

From superior colliculus of midbrain​

Orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

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12
Q

What is the rubrospinal tract?

A

From red nucleus of midbrain​

In humans mainly taken over by corticospinal tract​

Innervate lower motor neurons of flexors of the upper limb

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13
Q

Negative signs of UM lesion ?

A

Loss of voluntary motor function​

Paresis: graded weakness of movements ​

Paralysis (plegia): complete loss of voluntary muscle activity​

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14
Q

Positive signs of UM lesions?

A

Increased abnormal motor function due to loss of inhibitory descending inputs​

Spasticity: increased muscle tone​

Hyper-reflexia: exaggerated reflexes ​

Clonus: abnormal oscillatory muscle contraction​

Babinski’s sign

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15
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Disorders of skilled movements

lesion of inferior parietal lobe, and frontal lobe (all motor regions)

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16
Q

Common causes of apraxia?

A

Dementia and stroke

17
Q

Symptoms of LM lesion?

A

Weakness​

Hypotonia (reduced muscle tone)​

Hyporeflexia (reduced reflexes)​

Muscle atrophy​

Fasciculations: damaged motor units produce spontaneous action potentials, resulting in a visible twitch​

Fibrillations: spontaneous twitching of individual muscle fibres; recorded during needle electromyography examination

18
Q

What is motor neurone disease?

A

Progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the motor system. Spectrum of disorders

19
Q

What is motor neurone disease also known as?

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS

20
Q

UM signs of MND?

A

Spasticity (increased tone of limbs and tongue)​

Brisk limbs and jaw reflexes ​

Babinski’s sign​

Loss of dexterity​

Dysarthria (difficulty speaking)​

Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)

21
Q

LM signs of MND?

A

Weakness​

Muscle wasting​

Tongue fasciculations and wasting​

Nasal speech​

Dysphagia

22
Q

Basic structures of the basal ganglia?

A 
Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus ( which is made up of the putamen and the external globus pallidus)

Caudate and putamen make up the striatum

Nucleus accumbens
Subthalamic nuclei
Substantia nigra
Ventral pallidum, claustrum and nucleus basalis (of Meynert)

LOOK AT PICTURE

23
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Decision to move
Elaborated associated movements -> eg swinging arms when walking
moderating and coordinating movements (supressing unwanted movements)
Performing movements in order

24
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons that originate in the substantia nigra and project to the striatum

25
Q

Symptoms of parkinson’s

A 
Bradykinesia
Hypomimic face 
Akinesia 
Rigidity 
Tremor at rest -> 4-7Hz
26
Q

What is Huntingtons disease?

A

Degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the striatum, caudate and then putamen

27
Q

What kind of disorder it Huntington’s disease?

A

Genetic -> neurodegenerative
chromosome 4 autosomal
CAG repeat

28
Q

Symptoms of Huntington’s disease?

A

Choreic movements -> rapid jerky, dance like movements, hands and face affected first and then legs and rest of body

Speech impairment​
Difficulty swallowing​
Unsteady gait​
Later stages, cognitive decline and dementia​

29
Q

What is ballism and what causes it?

A

stroke affecting the subthalamic nucleus

flinging of extremities
symptoms occur contralaterally

30
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

coordinator and predictor of movement

31
Q

what is the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Regulation of gait, posture and equilibrium​

Coordination of head movements with eye movements

32
Q

Condition with vestibulocerebellum?

A

Damage (tumour) causes syndrome similar to vestibular disease leading to gait ataxia and tendency to fall (even when patient sitting and eyes open)

33
Q

What does the spinocerebellum do?

A

Coordination of speech​

Adjustment of muscle tone​

Coordination of limb movements

34
Q

What is the condition of the spinocerebellum?

A

Damage (degeneration and atrophy associated with chronic alcoholism) affects mainly legs, causes abnormal gait and stance (wide-based)

35
Q

What does the cerebrocerebellum do?

A

Coordination of skilled movements​

Cognitive function, attention, ​

processing of language​

Emotional control

36
Q

Condition of cerebrocerebellum?

A

Damage affect arms/skilled coordinated movements (tremor ) and speech

37
Q

Main signs on cerebellar dysfunction?

A

ataxia
dysmetria
intention tremor
dysdiadochokinesia -> not able to perform rapidly continuing movements
Scanning speech -> staccato due to impaired coordination of speech muscles

BRS2 (6 decks)

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