Motor Control Principles Flashcards
motor development
motor learning and control tied to human development; emphasis on growth and maturation
motor learning
includes:
- learning new motor skills
- enhancing those skills
- relearning those skills post-injury or disease
motor control
how the neuromuscular system coordinates muscles and limbs to perform motor skill; ability to direct mechanisms for movement
the 2 predominant theories of motor control
motor program-based theory
dynamic systems theory
theories of motor control
ideas about movement control
- incorporates open and closed loop control systems
- cannot focus solely on movement info from CNS, must incorporate task and environment
nature of movement
development –> learning –> relearning post-injury or disease
movement encompasses
task
individual
environment
Reflex theory
- movement is controlled by stimulus-response; reflexes are combined into actions to create behavior.
- does NOT explain movement that occurs in absence of sensory stimulus
reflex-based neurofacilitation approaches
ex: PNF, quick stretch, tapping
designed to facilitate/inhibit different movement patterns
Hierarchical Theory
top-down organization control: higher level has control over lower level
vertical hierarchy: lines of control do not cross
does not explain dominance of reflex behavior in certain situations in normal adults. Explains motor control in patients with neurologic conditions
Abnormal Synergistic Movements (relating to reflex)
damage to CNS results in cortex alterations and neural activation changes
reduction of corticospinal –> activation of brainstem pathways (alternate pathway to compensate for damaged) –> abnormal coupling of movement “abnormal synergies”
abnormal synergies
coupling of movements that lack ability to adapt to changes of individual, task, or environment
Ecological Theory
movement depends on individual constraints and how well they fit within environmental constraints
action-perception relationship
motor-program based theory
memory based mechanism that controls coordinated movement; supported by synergistic movement patterns
Dynamic systems theory
- environment, mechanical and dynamic properties of body moving in coordination
- behavior is organized by interactions among task, individual, and env
- behaviors self-organize in response to constraints
- behavioral changes sudden, abrupt, not continuous
