motor control part 2

Question 1

which basal ganglia circuit plays a major role in cognitive control of motor activity?

Answer 1

caudate circuit

Question 2

which basal ganglia circuit plays a role in subconscious execution of learned patterns of movement

Answer 2

putamen circuit

Question 3

which area acts as a comparator, comparing intention with actual motor performance and can effect the cerebellum via climbing fiber input?

Answer 3

inferior olivary nucleus

Question 4

what are the major inhibitory cells in the cerebellar cortex?

Answer 4

purkinje cells

Question 5

strong stimulation of 1 climbing fiber would elicit what response?

Answer 5

complex action potential of 1 or few purkinje cells

Question 6

strong stimulation of 1 mossy fiber would elicit what response?

Answer 6

simple action potential of 100s of thousands of purkinje cells

Question 7

spontaneous and continuous writhing movements would be associated with a lesion in which area?

Answer 7

globus pallidus

Question 8

a patient presents with a resting tremor, lead pipe rigidity in the extremities. voluntary movements are accurate but slow, where is there likely to be a lesion?

Answer 8

basal ganglia- substantia nigra

Question 9

what is the cerebellar hemispheric circuit?

Answer 9

cortico ponto cerebello rubro thalamo corticospinal

Question 10

patient presents with ataxia, unable to perform rapid alternating movements and unable to check movements of right arm. where is lesion most likely?

Answer 10

right side of cerebellum

Question 11

cerebellar lesions create what type of finding due to double crossing?

Answer 11

ipsilateral- rebound

Question 12

what symptoms are seen with a cerebellar lesion?

Answer 12

disruption of coordination, limb and eye movements
impaired balance
decreased muscle tone

Question 13

the ventral spinocerebellar tract gains access to the cerebellum primarily via which peduncle?

Answer 13

intermediate/ middle

Question 14

what does the floculonodular lobe/ vestibulocerebellum do?

Answer 14

governs eye movement and body equilibrium

Question 15

what does the spinocerebellum do?

Answer 15

initiates movement

influences descending motor systems

Question 16

the cerebrocerebellum/ lateral zone does what?

Answer 16

planning and initiation of movement and extra motor prediction
mental rehearsal of complex motor actions
conscious assessment of movement errors

Question 17

if you administer yohimbine (alpha 2 receptor blocker) and then stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, what effect do you expect on the amount of norepinephrine released?

Answer 17

increase

Question 18

what inhibits norepinephrine release?

Answer 18

norepinephrine inhibits itself

Question 19

mass SNS discharge involves?

Answer 19

– Increase in arterial pressure
– decreased blood flow to inactive organs/tissues 
– increase rate of cellular metabolism
– increased blood glucose metabolism
– increased glycolysis in liver & muscle
– increased muscle strength
– increased mental activity
– increased rate of blood coagulation

Question 20

denervation supersensitivity is associated with what adaptations?

Answer 20

up regulation of receptors by target tissue

Question 21

what is the effect of the SNS stimulation on most vascular smooth muscle?

Answer 21

constriction

Question 22

the adrenal medulla is an extension of the?

Answer 22

SNS system

Question 23

SNS stimulation releases what hormones?

Answer 23

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 24

Stimulation of SNS to raise BP to maintain perfusion of CNS is called?

Answer 24

cushing reflex

Question 25

what is ondines curse?

Answer 25

abnormal respiratory patterns

Question 26

the myenteric plexus controls?

Answer 26

gut motility- can coordinate peristalsis in intestinal tract that has been removed from the body

Question 27

myenteric plexus excitatory motor neurons release?

Answer 27

Ach | substance P

Question 28

myenteric plexus inhibitory motor neurons release?

Answer 28

dynorphin | vasoactive intestinal peptide VIP

Question 29

a patient presents with slight ptosis of the left eye, but the right pupil appears dilated compared to the left, they report that left side of face never sweats. thoughts?

Answer 29

interruption of the left sympathetic supply to the face

Question 30

what is the condition with interruption of SNS supply to the head?

Answer 30

horners syndrome

Question 31

in primary cultures of postganglionic SNS neurons, what inhibits release of norepinephrine?

Answer 31

GABA, adenosine, NPY, somatostatin, opiods, PGE, NO, dopamine

Question 32

in primary cultures of postganglionic SNS neurons, what stimulates release of norepinephrine?

Answer 32

ACH, epinephrine, Ang II, corticotropin, PACAP

Question 33

with parasympathetic postganglionic fibers, acetylcholine binds to what?

Answer 33

muscarinic receptor which effects a G protein

Question 34

with SNS postganglionic fibers, norepinephrine binds to what?

Answer 34

alpha or beta receptor which effects a G protein

Question 35

if there is a facilitated spinal segment at T6. what would you expect when 3 kg of pressure is applied to spinous process at T10 which is not in a state of segmental facilitation?

Answer 35

exaggerated response in adjacent paraspinal muscles only at T6

Question 36

When pressure was applied to the spinous processes of normal vertebrae, up to 7 Kg of pressure, what response would be elicited?

Answer 36

minimal response in the adjacent paraspinal muscles

Question 37

the CNS coordinates host defense activity T or F?

Answer 37

true

Question 38

epinephrine has a greater affinity for alpha or beta?

Answer 38

beta

Question 39

norepinephrine has a greater affinity for alpha or beta?

Answer 39

equal affinity for both

Question 40

what are some symptoms of Horner's syndrome?

Answer 40

partial ptosis pupillary constriction anhydrosis enophthamos

Question 41

what does the submucosal plexus regulate?

Answer 41

- ion and water transport across intestinal epithelium | - glandular secretion

Question 42

the submucosal plexus communicates with what and releases what?

Answer 42

communicates with myenteric plexus | releases neuropeptides