Motor Control / Motor Skill Flashcards
Motor control (shumway)
Ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement
Motor control (Schmidt)
An area of dealing with the understanding of the neural, physical, & behavioral aspects of movement
Motor control (horak)
Ability of the CNS to use current & previous info to coordinate effective & efficient functional movement by transforming neural energy into kinetic energy
Motor control (brooks)
Name given to the functions of the mind and body that govern posture and movement
3 factors within the individual that constrain movement?
Perception
Cognition
Action
Perception
Meaningfulness
The integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful info
Perception requires
Peripheral sensory mechanisms
Higher level processing
Higher level processing
- interpretation and meaning of incoming afferent info
- integration with past experiences and knowledge
Perception provides info about
- the body, its motion, its capabilities, limitations
- features of the environment
Features of the environment that…
- help define the nature of any activity performed, the goal of a purposeful task
- are critical to build in when planning or performing a movement especially if the movement is aimed at achieving a task goal
Cognition
Includes attention, planning, problem solving, motivation and emotional processing all contribute to deciding on the goal of an action
Cognition plays a big role in
Determining what action(s) will be taken in response to a task goal. Those solutions are also highly dependent on past experience and personal habits/preferences
Action
Refers to a specific instance where one performs some activity like walking, talking, sitting sleeping, carrying or throwing an object
Goal-directed task
If one aims to achieve a specific goal or purpose thru and action
A person’s movement behaviors reflects…
Their personal situation to achieving a task goal given the environmental context, their specific skills, abilities, habits, preferences, limitations, etc…
Your job as a PT (related to movement behaviors)
Help people find new solutions to motor problems
Task constraints on movement
The nature of a task in part regulates or constrains the type of movement used to achieve it
How to classify tasks (4 classifications)
Discrete v continuous
Stability v mobility (of person, of object)
Manipulation of objects/surfaces/etc…
Open v closed
Discrete task
Do it and done
Ex: kicking a ball picking up an object
Continuous tasks
Not a finite end, that is up to the discretion of the person completing the task
Ex: running, driving, walking
Stability tasks
Postural control
Mobility tasks
COM moves
Manipulation of objects/surfaces
How we interact with objects, introducing new levels of control, forces come into play here
Open v closed tasks
How much variation you have to deal with in your environment
Role of environment
- any object or surface the person comes into contact with will influence movement
- sometimes objects regulate movement even when we don’t contact them
- regulatory or non-regulatory
regulatory conditions
those features of the environment to which the movement must conform in order to achieve the task (size, shape, surface, direction, and/or speed of the object)
non-regulatory conditions
background features of the environment which may affect performance but do NOT directly determine movement organization (background noise, visual or other distractions)
4 categories/stages of motor skills
1 - transitional mobility
2 - static postural control (stability)
3 - dynamic postural control (controlled mobility)
4 - skill
transitional mobility
-ability to move from one position to another independently and safely
-ability to move body while maintaing postural control
(rolling, supine to sit, sit to stand)
pre-reqs for transitional mobility
ability to initiate movement, control movement, and terminate movement
transitional mobility key elements for assessment
- initiation & control of movement
- sensory, motor & cognitive strategies required for the task
- overall coordination
- movement termination
- environmental constraints
impairments in mobility
- failure to initiate or sustain movement thru the range
- poorly controlled movements
static postural control (stability)
the ability to maintain postural stability & orientation when the body is not in motion with the COM over the BOS (developed in weight-bearing, anti-gravity positions)
static postural control key elements for assessment
- BOS (narrow v wide)
- position & stability of COM within BOS
- degree of postural sway
- degree of stabilization from UE/LE
- number of episodes of loss of balance & direction
- degree of external assist needed
- fall risk
impairments in static postural control
- failure to maintain steady body position
- excessive postural sway
- wide BOS
- high guard position or handhold
- loss of balance
dynamic postural control (controlled mobility)
ability to maintain postural stability & orientation with the COM over the BOS while body parts are in motion (characterized by smooth, coordinated movements which can easily be reversed)
ex: weight shifting/rocking
dynamic postural control key elements for assessment
- degree of postural stability maintained by weight bearing segments
- range & degree of control of dynamic movements
- level & type of assist needed
impairments in dynamic postural control
- failure to control posture during weight shifting or reaching tasks
- loss of balance
skill
- action done with a goal in mind
- ability to consistently perform coordinated movement sequences for the purpose of investigation and interaction with physical & social environments
consistent & efficient movements
- attain goal with economy of effort
- adapt movements to specific environments
types of skills
locomotion
manipulation
communication
-learned tasks that are a direct result of practice and experience
skill key elements for assessment
- response orientation & direction of movements
- precision, control & consistency of movements
- control of movement speed and timing
- economy of effort
impairments in skill
- poorly coordinated movements
- lack of precision, control, consistency & economy of effort
