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developmental quiz 5 > motor control & motor learning > Flashcards

motor control & motor learning Flashcards

1
Q

what is defined as the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement.

A

motor control

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2
Q

Motor control is information processing related to activities carried out by the

A

central nervous system

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3
Q

motor control organizes which system to create coordinated, goal-directed movements

A

musculoskeltal system

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4
Q

what are the two control strategies of the motor control

A

Feed-forward strategy *
Feed-back strategy

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5
Q

PTs are “

A

movement specialists”

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6
Q

Therapeutic strategies are designed to improve the quality and quantity of

A

postures and movements essential to function

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7
Q

The field of Motor Control is directed at studying the

A

nature of movement and how movement is controlled

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8
Q

Movement emerges from the interaction of three factors:

A

individual
task
environment

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9
Q

what affect the organization of movement

A

Factors within the individual, the task, and the environment

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10
Q

what is choosing among equivalent solutions and then coordinating the many muscles and joints involved in a movement

A

degrees of freedom

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11
Q

what systems provide information about the state of the body and features within the environment critical to the regulation of movement

A

Sensory/perceptual systems

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12
Q

the perceptioin of an individual involves both the

A

peripheral sensory mechanisms and higher-level processing

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13
Q

the peripheral sensory mechanisms and higher-level processing adds interpereation and meaning to incoming

A

afferent information

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14
Q

Cognitive processes include …… of motor control

A

ttention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects

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15
Q

So, within the individual, many systems interact in the

A

production of functional movement

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16
Q

The nature of the task being performed in part determines the

A

type of movement needed

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17
Q

functional categories of task

A
  • Bed mobility tasks
  • Transfer tasks
  • Walking and ADLs
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18
Q

what is a classification of a task

A

critical attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms

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19
Q

a discrete task is

A

definite beginning and end

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20
Q

a continuous task has

A

No recognizable beginning and end points

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21
Q

examples of a continuous task is

A

walking, running , swimming

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22
Q

is end point a inherent characterisitc of a task?

A

no

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23
Q

base of support is

A

stable vs in motion

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24
Q

define stablity

A

stable base of support
sitting or standing

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25
Q

define mobility

A

moving base of support
walking or running

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26
Q

define sequenced task

A

increase the demand for stability
standing or lifting

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27
Q

movement variability are what

A

open or closed movements

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28
Q

define open movements

A

constantly changing or unpredictable environments

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29
Q

define closed movements

A

relatively fixed, predictable environments

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30
Q

what can understanding the nature of tasks provide

A

framework for functional evaluation

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31
Q

Understanding the nature of tasks can serve as a

A

progression for retraining functional movement

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32
Q

The CNS must take into consideration attributes of the

A

environment when planning task- specific movements

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33
Q

what features shape the movement itself

A

Regulatory

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34
Q

Movement must conform to regulatory features in order to

A

achieve to the goal of the task

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35
Q

regulatory movements are directly effected by what

A

outside things

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36
Q

define non regulatory

A

movement does not confrom to these features

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37
Q

example of non regulatory movements

A

background noise and lighting

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38
Q

does non regulatory affect movement?

A

it may or may not

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39
Q

define the systems theory

A

Describes the body as a mechanical system with many degrees of freedom that need to controlled

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40
Q

what exists to simplify the control of the body’s multiple degrees of freedom

A

Hierarchical control

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41
Q

Higher levels of nervous system activate

A

lower levels

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42
Q

The lower levels activate

A

synergies

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43
Q

what are synergies

A

group of muscles constrained to act together as a unit to the solve degree of freedom problem

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44
Q

As demands of a task increase,

A

the control signals to synergy increase,

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45
Q

the control signals to synergy increase, leads to

A

parallel increases in activation in all muscles in the synergy

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46
Q

Movements emerge from the interplay between the

A

body system, external force, and variations in the initial condition

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47
Q

Same central command can result in

A

different movements

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48
Q

Different commands could result in the

A

same movement

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49
Q

states that when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an ordered way

A

self organization

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50
Q

in the dynamic systems theory there is

A

no need for a “higher” center issuing commands in order to achieve coordinated action

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51
Q

control parameter

A

variable that regulates changes in the behavior of the entire system

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52
Q

symtem theory has

A

New movement emerges because of a critical change in one of the systems

53
Q

main difference between the dynamic system theory and the systems theory is that

A

the dynamic theory does not need a notion of commond from the CNS in controlled movement

54
Q

in the dynamic systems theory the Variability is not considered to be the result of error, but rather as a

A

necessary condition of optimal function

55
Q

in the dynamic systems theory the optimal variablity provides for

A

flexible, adaptive strategies and allows for adjustment to environmental changes

56
Q

Too little variability can lead to

A

injury

57
Q

Too much variability can lead to impaired

A

movement performance

58
Q

A small amount of variability indicates a …… or a preferred pattern, viewed as attractor state

A

highly stable behavior

59
Q

the deeper the well …

A

the hard it is to change preferred patterns

60
Q

Any current theory of motor control is in a sense

A

unfinished

61
Q

Theory helps us to generate ….. about the nature and cause of movement

A

research questions and hypotheses

62
Q

Early Definition of motor learning

A

study of the acquisition amd/ or modification of movement

63
Q

Motor learning emerges from a complex of

A

perception, cognition, and action processes

64
Q

define Performance

A

temporary change in motor behavior observed during practice

65
Q

define learning

A

relatively permanent change in behavior and involved in skill retention

66
Q

Since ML is concerned with how motor skills are acquired, ….. are all necessary to achieve a task solution

A

strategies for sensing (perception, action, cognition) as well as moving (execution)

67
Q

what refers to control achieved by feedback such that the actual response conforms to the desired response (or set point) by means of correcting any difference between them.

A

Closed-loop control

68
Q

Sensory feedback from ongoing movement is compared with the stored memory of the intended movement (in a closed loop process)

A

adams closed loop theroy

69
Q

what is the execution of preprogrammed movements, called a motor program, without perceptual feedback.

A

Open-loop motor control

70
Q

open loop control is referred to as

A

muscle memory

71
Q

what is it when , gymnasts practice hours each day for years, until they can execute complex routines seemingly effortlessly.

A

open loop

72
Q

Emphasizes “open-loop” control processes and the generalized motor program concept

A

Schmidt’s Schema Theory

73
Q

fitts and posner three stage model

A
  1. cognitive stage
  2. associative stage
  3. autonomous stage
74
Q

Cognitive Stage –

A

“What is it that must be done?”

75
Q

Associative Stage –

A

“How should it be done?”

76
Q

Autonomous Stage –

A

“What presents success?”

77
Q

in the associative stage the skill

A

being to refine

78
Q

the cognitive stage invovles in

A

understanding the task and selecting a strategy for the optimal performance

79
Q

does the associative stage have a larage or small variablity

A

small

80
Q

which stage is characterized by large number or errors and requiring a high degree of cognitive activity such as attention

A

cognitive stage

81
Q

which stage Perform skills automatically with a low level of attention

A

autonomous stage

82
Q

whcih stage is the person is ready for advanced challenges such as dual-task performance

A

Autonomous Stage

83
Q

systems threes stage model

A

novice stage

84
Q

in the novice stage the learner simplifies the movement by

A

stiffening body segments in an attempt to control the DOF

85
Q

Novice stage–

A

“Freeze degree of freedom”

86
Q

in the advance stage the biomechnial contraints and degree of freedom are being

A

refined

87
Q

in what stage do people learn to use energy mroe efficientyl by taking advantage of passive forces increasingly in movement control and reduce fatigue; movements are optimally controlled.

A

expert stage

88
Q

in the gentile two stage model it

A

decrribes the learners goals in two stages

89
Q

which stage of the gentile two stage model understands the requirments of the movement

A

stage one

90
Q

stage 2 of the gentile two stage does what

A

refine the movement

91
Q

which stage Develop the capability of adapting movement to changing task and environmental demands
while performing the task consistently and efficiently.

A

stage 2

92
Q

stage one of the gentile two stage model consists of

A

goal of the task
develop an movement strategy to achieve the goal
envimormental features are criticial to movement

93
Q

Closed skills require “fixation” –

A

have little enviromental variation and require movement diversity

94
Q

Open skills require “diversification” –

A

performed in changing environments and require movement diversity

95
Q

which phase indicates “performance”

A

acquisition or practice phase

96
Q

which phase indicates “learning”

A

retention & transfer phase

97
Q

which phase is a mastery of a skill

A

retention & transfer phase

98
Q

which phase is information stored for retrieval and apllication to novel situtations

A

retention & transfer phase

99
Q

which phase is initial fumbling attemps

A

Acquisition or Practice Phase:

100
Q

which phase are skills learned or relearned

A

Acquisition or Practice Phase:

101
Q

practice should be

A

accurate and active

102
Q

practive should incorporate enough

A

variability

103
Q

should practice be task speficic?

A

yes

104
Q

Intrinsic feedback –

A

via the various sensory systems

105
Q

which feedback may via the various sensory systems

A

intrinsic feedback

106
Q

what refers to the use of sensory information for the control of action in the process of skill acquisition. It’s a powerful variable affecting learning.

A

feedback

107
Q

Extrinsic feedback – come

A

from the external resource

108
Q

define knowledge of results

A

the outcome of movement (the result of a task)

109
Q

define knowledge of performance

A

the movement pattern of the task (how did you hit a hR)

110
Q

what is defined as a session in which the amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials

A

Massed practice

111
Q

what is defined as a session in which the amount of rest between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of time for a trial

A

Distributed practice

112
Q

constant practice conditoins is

A

learners practice a skill repeatedly under the same parameter setting`

113
Q

Variable is when a

A

learner practice a skill under a variety of parameter settings

114
Q

Random is when

A

: learners practice a set of motor tasks in a random order

115
Q

Blocked is when

A

learners practice a set of motor tasks in a fixed order

116
Q

Whole is when a learner

A

practice the entire movement at once

117
Q

Part is when there is a

A

break down the task into different components

118
Q

what does mental practice do

A

enchance skill acquisition

119
Q

Guidance vs. Discovery:

A

presence of physically guidance

120
Q

unguided conditoins are

A

less effective for immediate skill avquisition

121
Q

Key learning elements for all ages include:

A

Environmental considerations
* Motivation
* Attention
* Guidance and instruction
* Selection of feedback & practice

122
Q

Intellectual abilities of healthy people do not lessen, although performance skills that are …… tend to demonstrate a noticeable decline

A

time related

123
Q

what do older adult performers seem to benefit greatly from

A

cognitive learning strategies

124
Q

when people start to age processing of new information typically takes

A

longer bc of changed in CNS

125
Q

Without cognitive assistance what may be the only thing avaibale

A

procedural learning of motor programs

126
Q

what are key elements when working with older adults

A

principles of motor learning and the environment in which skills are practiced

127
Q

what is highly effective for older adults

A

mental practice

128
Q
A

developmental quiz 5 (1 decks)

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