motor control & motor learning Flashcards
what is defined as the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement.
motor control
Motor control is information processing related to activities carried out by the
central nervous system
motor control organizes which system to create coordinated, goal-directed movements
musculoskeltal system
what are the two control strategies of the motor control
Feed-forward strategy *
Feed-back strategy
PTs are “
movement specialists”
Therapeutic strategies are designed to improve the quality and quantity of
postures and movements essential to function
The field of Motor Control is directed at studying the
nature of movement and how movement is controlled
Movement emerges from the interaction of three factors:
individual
task
environment
what affect the organization of movement
Factors within the individual, the task, and the environment
what is choosing among equivalent solutions and then coordinating the many muscles and joints involved in a movement
degrees of freedom
what systems provide information about the state of the body and features within the environment critical to the regulation of movement
Sensory/perceptual systems
the perceptioin of an individual involves both the
peripheral sensory mechanisms and higher-level processing
the peripheral sensory mechanisms and higher-level processing adds interpereation and meaning to incoming
afferent information
Cognitive processes include …… of motor control
ttention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects
So, within the individual, many systems interact in the
production of functional movement
The nature of the task being performed in part determines the
type of movement needed
functional categories of task
- Bed mobility tasks
- Transfer tasks
- Walking and ADLs
what is a classification of a task
critical attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms
a discrete task is
definite beginning and end
a continuous task has
No recognizable beginning and end points
examples of a continuous task is
walking, running , swimming
is end point a inherent characterisitc of a task?
no
base of support is
stable vs in motion
define stablity
stable base of support
sitting or standing
define mobility
moving base of support
walking or running
define sequenced task
increase the demand for stability
standing or lifting
movement variability are what
open or closed movements
define open movements
constantly changing or unpredictable environments
define closed movements
relatively fixed, predictable environments
what can understanding the nature of tasks provide
framework for functional evaluation
Understanding the nature of tasks can serve as a
progression for retraining functional movement
The CNS must take into consideration attributes of the
environment when planning task- specific movements
what features shape the movement itself
Regulatory
Movement must conform to regulatory features in order to
achieve to the goal of the task
regulatory movements are directly effected by what
outside things
define non regulatory
movement does not confrom to these features
example of non regulatory movements
background noise and lighting
does non regulatory affect movement?
it may or may not
define the systems theory
Describes the body as a mechanical system with many degrees of freedom that need to controlled
what exists to simplify the control of the body’s multiple degrees of freedom
Hierarchical control
Higher levels of nervous system activate
lower levels
The lower levels activate
synergies
what are synergies
group of muscles constrained to act together as a unit to the solve degree of freedom problem
As demands of a task increase,
the control signals to synergy increase,
the control signals to synergy increase, leads to
parallel increases in activation in all muscles in the synergy
Movements emerge from the interplay between the
body system, external force, and variations in the initial condition
Same central command can result in
different movements
Different commands could result in the
same movement
states that when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an ordered way
self organization
in the dynamic systems theory there is
no need for a “higher” center issuing commands in order to achieve coordinated action
control parameter
variable that regulates changes in the behavior of the entire system
symtem theory has
New movement emerges because of a critical change in one of the systems
main difference between the dynamic system theory and the systems theory is that
the dynamic theory does not need a notion of commond from the CNS in controlled movement
in the dynamic systems theory the Variability is not considered to be the result of error, but rather as a
necessary condition of optimal function
in the dynamic systems theory the optimal variablity provides for
flexible, adaptive strategies and allows for adjustment to environmental changes
Too little variability can lead to
injury
Too much variability can lead to impaired
movement performance
A small amount of variability indicates a …… or a preferred pattern, viewed as attractor state
highly stable behavior
the deeper the well …
the hard it is to change preferred patterns
Any current theory of motor control is in a sense
unfinished
Theory helps us to generate ….. about the nature and cause of movement
research questions and hypotheses
Early Definition of motor learning
study of the acquisition amd/ or modification of movement
Motor learning emerges from a complex of
perception, cognition, and action processes
define Performance
temporary change in motor behavior observed during practice
define learning
relatively permanent change in behavior and involved in skill retention
Since ML is concerned with how motor skills are acquired, ….. are all necessary to achieve a task solution
strategies for sensing (perception, action, cognition) as well as moving (execution)
what refers to control achieved by feedback such that the actual response conforms to the desired response (or set point) by means of correcting any difference between them.
Closed-loop control
Sensory feedback from ongoing movement is compared with the stored memory of the intended movement (in a closed loop process)
adams closed loop theroy
what is the execution of preprogrammed movements, called a motor program, without perceptual feedback.
Open-loop motor control
open loop control is referred to as
muscle memory
what is it when , gymnasts practice hours each day for years, until they can execute complex routines seemingly effortlessly.
open loop
Emphasizes “open-loop” control processes and the generalized motor program concept
Schmidt’s Schema Theory
fitts and posner three stage model
- cognitive stage
- associative stage
- autonomous stage
Cognitive Stage –
“What is it that must be done?”
Associative Stage –
“How should it be done?”
Autonomous Stage –
“What presents success?”
in the associative stage the skill
being to refine
the cognitive stage invovles in
understanding the task and selecting a strategy for the optimal performance
does the associative stage have a larage or small variablity
small
which stage is characterized by large number or errors and requiring a high degree of cognitive activity such as attention
cognitive stage
which stage Perform skills automatically with a low level of attention
autonomous stage
whcih stage is the person is ready for advanced challenges such as dual-task performance
Autonomous Stage
systems threes stage model
novice stage
in the novice stage the learner simplifies the movement by
stiffening body segments in an attempt to control the DOF
Novice stage–
“Freeze degree of freedom”
in the advance stage the biomechnial contraints and degree of freedom are being
refined
in what stage do people learn to use energy mroe efficientyl by taking advantage of passive forces increasingly in movement control and reduce fatigue; movements are optimally controlled.
expert stage
in the gentile two stage model it
decrribes the learners goals in two stages
which stage of the gentile two stage model understands the requirments of the movement
stage one
stage 2 of the gentile two stage does what
refine the movement
which stage Develop the capability of adapting movement to changing task and environmental demands
while performing the task consistently and efficiently.
stage 2
stage one of the gentile two stage model consists of
goal of the task
develop an movement strategy to achieve the goal
envimormental features are criticial to movement
Closed skills require “fixation” –
have little enviromental variation and require movement diversity
Open skills require “diversification” –
performed in changing environments and require movement diversity
which phase indicates “performance”
acquisition or practice phase
which phase indicates “learning”
retention & transfer phase
which phase is a mastery of a skill
retention & transfer phase
which phase is information stored for retrieval and apllication to novel situtations
retention & transfer phase
which phase is initial fumbling attemps
Acquisition or Practice Phase:
which phase are skills learned or relearned
Acquisition or Practice Phase:
practice should be
accurate and active
practive should incorporate enough
variability
should practice be task speficic?
yes
Intrinsic feedback –
via the various sensory systems
which feedback may via the various sensory systems
intrinsic feedback
what refers to the use of sensory information for the control of action in the process of skill acquisition. It’s a powerful variable affecting learning.
feedback
Extrinsic feedback – come
from the external resource
define knowledge of results
the outcome of movement (the result of a task)
define knowledge of performance
the movement pattern of the task (how did you hit a hR)
what is defined as a session in which the amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials
Massed practice
what is defined as a session in which the amount of rest between trials is equal to or greater than the amount of time for a trial
Distributed practice
constant practice conditoins is
learners practice a skill repeatedly under the same parameter setting`
Variable is when a
learner practice a skill under a variety of parameter settings
Random is when
: learners practice a set of motor tasks in a random order
Blocked is when
learners practice a set of motor tasks in a fixed order
Whole is when a learner
practice the entire movement at once
Part is when there is a
break down the task into different components
what does mental practice do
enchance skill acquisition
Guidance vs. Discovery:
presence of physically guidance
unguided conditoins are
less effective for immediate skill avquisition
Key learning elements for all ages include:
Environmental considerations
* Motivation
* Attention
* Guidance and instruction
* Selection of feedback & practice
Intellectual abilities of healthy people do not lessen, although performance skills that are …… tend to demonstrate a noticeable decline
time related
what do older adult performers seem to benefit greatly from
cognitive learning strategies
when people start to age processing of new information typically takes
longer bc of changed in CNS
Without cognitive assistance what may be the only thing avaibale
procedural learning of motor programs
what are key elements when working with older adults
principles of motor learning and the environment in which skills are practiced
what is highly effective for older adults
mental practice
