Motor Control and Motor Learning Flashcards
What is motor control?
ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement
nature of movement and how movement is controlled
Describe the nature of movement.
Individual generates a movements to meet the demands of a task within the environment (get from A->B)
Movement _ from these constraints (individual, task, environment).
emerges
What are the systems underlying motor control? (individual constraints)
motor/action: neuromuscular, biomechanical. sensory/perceptual: info about body and environment. cognitive: attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects that underlie intent/goals of movement
True/False: You can have normal sensation without perception but cannot have normal perception without sensation.
true
What are the task constraints?
discrete (have a recognizable beginning and end) vs continuous
closed (relatively fixed or predictable environments) vs open (adapt to movement strategies to a constantly changing and unpredictable environment)
stability (nonmoving BoS) vs mobility (moving BoS)
manipulation (movement of upper extremities) vs nonmanipulation tasks
What are some examples of discrete movement tasks?
kicking a ball, sit to stand, lying down
What are some examples of continuous movement?
walking, running
What is an example of open movement task?
playing soccer or tennis
What is an example of a closed, predicable environment for stability?
sitting or standing on nonmoving surface
What is an example of a closed, predictable environment for mobility?
walking/ nonmoving surface
What is an example of an open, unpredictable environment for stability?
sitting or standing on foam or rocker board
What is an example of an open, unpredictable environment for mobility?
walking on uneven or moving surface
What do these task constraints do?
help us to think of what is easiest -> hardest for accurate progression
What are the environmental constraints?
regulatory features (shape movement ex: size and weight of ball); nonregulatory features (may impact performance but doesn’t define movement ex: background noise, distractions)
What is the reflex theory of motor control?
movement is the sum of reflexes, sensation is necessary
What are the controversies of the reflex theory?
we can turn off reflexes, sensation is not required for movement, feed forward
What is the hierarchial theory of motor control?
brain is in control and damage to the higher centers allow reflexes to emerge, feed forward: anticipation of altered movement
What are the controversies of the hierarchial theory?
reflexes come and go as needed (suppressed), reflex integration or peripheral constraints
What is the motor programming theory of motor control?
There is a control pattern or program for every movement - stored rules for general movements, no need for sensation
What are the controversies of the motor programming theory?
too many DoF would require huge cognitive storage, context dependency
What is the systems theory of motor control theory?
control is distributed, interactive, cooperative system, movement occurs by internal and external forces
What is the dynamic action theory?
self organization - individual parts act collectively in ordered way, movement emerges as a result of interacting elements
What is the ecological theory of motor control?
how the environment controls movement - motor control envolved to cope with environment around us
What is the most agreed upon theory?
Dynamic Action Theory
Which theory is best?
no one theory has it all, most like a combo of several theories
Which theory of motor control included the tenet that sensation was necessary for control of movement?
reflex theory
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Dynamic Action Theory?
a. We have stored rules for general movements
b. the brain is in control of all movement
c. movement is the sum of reflexes
d. movement is the result of self-organization to meet demands
d
What is motor learning?
acquisition and/or modification of movement.
after injury, reacquisition of movement skills lost
Motor learning is the process of acquiring capability of skill, resulting from _ or _.
experience or practice
When can learning be assumed to have taken place?
when pt can perform task effectively and without thinking about in a variety of circumstances and contexts
True/False: Performance and retention are the same thing.
False! short term performance doesn’t always equal motor learning.
Motor learning is when you practice take a break in time then come back and still can do it
What are the two components of long-term memory?
explicit and implicit
Which component of long term memory is declarative? nondeclarative?
explicit, implicit
What are the components of declarative memory?
semantics (recall of facts) and episodic (memories of events)
What are the components of nondeclarative memory?
procedural (skills and habits), priming, Conditioning, non-associative learning (habituation and stimulation)
What motor learning theory is associated with open loop control and having generalized motor programs as rules for specific movements?
Schmidt’s schema theory
The Schmidt’s Schema Theory predicted that _ of practice improved motor learning.
variability
What are the limitations of the Schmidt’s Schema Theory?
support is mixed for variable practice, doesn’t account for immediate acquisition of coordination
What theory of motor learning is associated with increasing coordination between perception and action, using search strategies for a given task constraint?
ecological theory
According to Fitts and Posner Three-Stage Model, What is the cognitive stage of motor learning?
acquisition of knowledge - trial and error
According to Fitts and Posner Three-Stage Model, What is the associative stage of motor learning?
refining of skill - less variability
According to Fitts and Posner Three-Stage Model, What is the autonomous stage of motor learning?
automaticity of skill - low degree of attention
True/False: According to Fitts and Posner Three-Stage Model, Moving from the cognitive stage to associative to autonomous, there is an increased level of attention.
False - decreased level of attention moving from one stage to the next
What is the Bernstein’s Three Stage Model?
the key component is controlling or mastering degrees of freedom
Novice - simplify movement to decrease DoF
Advance - gradual release of DoF
Expert - release of all DoF
What is the Gentile’s Two Stage Model?
Stage 1: Develop understanding of the dynamics of the task
Stage 2: Refine the movement (Fixaation and diversification)
Task specific motor learning is an important stimulant for _ and _.
neuroplasticity and remediation
Skill learning leads to rewiring of the _.
motor cortex
Learning facts, definitions, terms related to motor learning and motor control is an example of what type of learning?
explicit
True/False: Motor activity NOT motor leaning is the key to neuroplasticity and recovery.
False, motor learning NOT activity
True/False: Recovery and compensation are both examples of neuroplastic change that can occur after neurologic pathology.
true
What is recovery about?
permanent changes in neural activation, organization, and structure
restoring function in neural tissue that was lost, restoring the ability to perform movements in the same manner as premorbid, successful task accomplishment using typical “parts”
What is compensation about?
behavioral substitution.
neural tissue acquires function it did not have premorbid, performing old movements in a new way, successful completion of task using alternative parts
What is the consequence of compensation?
leads to learned non-use
Patients often can only make _ term solutions that eliminate the _ term possibilities.
short, long
