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HNN > Motor Control > Flashcards

Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example of voluntary and involuntary movement

A

Voluntary > visually guided reaching movement

Involuntary > withdrawal reflex

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2
Q

Skilled movement involves motor learning and memory. What are these?

A
  1. Declarative = factual information, life events, available to consciousness, easily formed and forgotten
  2. Non-declarative = procedural memory, motor skills, not available to consciousness, less easily formed and forgotten.
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3
Q

Where is motor declarative memory stored?

A

Middle temporal lobe

Diencephalon

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4
Q

Where is non-declarative memory stored?

A
  1. Procedural memory = striatum
  2. Skeletal musculature = cerebellum
  3. Emotional response = amyglada
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5
Q

List the types of strategies involved in controlling voluntary movements

A
  1. Ballistic

2. Pursuit or visial feedback

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6
Q

What is the difference between ballistic and pursuit voluntary movements?

A
  1. Ballistic
    - rapid but at expense of accuracy
    - no room for compensation
    - pre-programmed
    e. g. striking a cricking ball
  2. Pursuit/visual feedback
    - motor command continually updated by sensory feedback (e.g. visual)
    - highly accurate but slow
    - can be modified while in progress
    e. g. pointing at a moving car
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7
Q

List the components of the basal glaglia

A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus pallidus
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8
Q

List the functionally related areas to the basal ganglia

A
  1. Subthalamic nucleus

2. Substantia nigra

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9
Q

What structures make up the striatum?

A

Caudate nuclues + putamen

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10
Q

What structures make up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen + globus pallidus

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11
Q

What structures make up the corpus striatum?

A

Lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus

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12
Q

Where is the basal ganglia found?

A

Deep within telencephalon

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13
Q

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

A

Initiating of voluntary complex movements

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14
Q

Describe the basal ganglia pathway

A
  1. prefrontal cortex - START
  2. striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen)
  3. globus pallidus
  4. ventrolateral thalamus
  5. area 6 (PMA and SMA)
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15
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Difficulty in initiating movement (tremor)

Pathology in basal ganglia (substantia nigra) - loss of dopaminergic neurons

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16
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

A 
Tremors
Pill-roll tremor 
Hypokinesia (loss of muscle movement)
Shuffling gate
Progressing to general cognitive decline
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17
Q

Tx for Parkinsons

A

L-DOPA

Deep brain stimulation

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18
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease?

A

Random involuntary movements
Pathology in basal ganglia

Inherited –> triple repeat disease

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19
Q

Symptoms of Huntington’s Disease?

A

Choreas
Difficulty speaking and swallowing
Progressive general cognitive decline

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20
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Proper execution of planned, voluntary, multi-joint movements

Instructs the motor cortex with respect to movement direction, time and force

Coordination of smooth executions of movements

Motor learning and error detection

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21
Q

Describe the cerebellar pathway in motor control

A

Sensorimotor cortex > pontine nuclei (pons) > cerebellum > VL thalamus > motor cortex

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22
Q

What results from damage to the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellar ataxia (poor coordination)

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23
Q

Define ataxia

A

where movements become uncoordinated and inaccurate

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24
Q

What pathway is responsible for posture?

A

ventromedial pathways

25
Q

what pathway is responsible for control of voluntary movement?

A

Lateral corticospinal pathway and rubrospinal pathway

26
Q

At what level does the corticospinal pathway decussate?

A

Medullay pyramidal decussation

27
Q

Where is the red nucleus located?

A

Midbrain

28
Q

What tract does the red nucleus belong to?

A

Rubrospiral tract (lateral pathways)

29
Q

What is the function of the lateral pathways?

A

Control of voluntary movement of distal muscles

30
Q

What is the function of the ventromedial pathways?

A

Control of proximal and axial (trunk) muscles

Maintains posture

31
Q

What is the crossed-extensor reflex

A

where one limb extends as the other limb flexes - walking

32
Q

Whats the name of the circuits that arise to give rhythmic motor activity?

A

Central pattern generators

33
Q

What nerves innervate skeletal muscle fibres?

A

Alpha motor neurons

34
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron + the muscle fibres it innervates

35
Q

What are motor nuclei?

A

motor neurons in the ventral horn

36
Q

What are graded muscle repsonse?

A

variations in degree of muscle contraction required for proper control of skeletal movements

37
Q

How are muscle responses graded?

A

changes in frequency of stimulation of strength if stimulus

38
Q

what is the most important mechanism for grading muscle force?

A

recruitment of motor units

39
Q

Draw and label cross section of basal ganglia

A

— draw

40
Q

How many basal ganglia pathways are there?

A

2

  1. Direct - excitatory
  2. Indirect - inhibitory
41
Q

Outline the direct basal ganglia pathway

A

cortex (+) > striatum (-) > GPi (-) and SNpr (-) > VL thalamus (++) > cortex

+ SN pas compacta (+) on striatum via dopamine on D1

\+ = glutamate
- = GABA
42
Q

Outline the indirect basal ganglia pathway

A

cortex (+) > striatum (-) > GPi (-) > STN (+) > STN (-) VL thalamus (–) cortex

+ SN pas compacta (-) D2 dopamine

43
Q

At what level does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate?

A

Medullary pyramids decussation

44
Q

What is the spinal cord/brain stem location of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Lateral funiculus

45
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract synapse?

A

Ventral horn of spinal cord

46
Q

What is the function of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Execution of rapid, skilled, voluntary movement, especially of hands and feed (distal muscles)

47
Q

What is the spinal cord/brain stem location of the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

Anterior funiculus

48
Q

Where does the anterior corticospinal tract decussate?

A

Fibres decussate at level of termination

49
Q

What is the target/destination of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

All spinal cord levels, primarily the cervical and lumbar regions

50
Q

What is the target/destination of the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

Cervical and thoracic spinal cord levels

51
Q

Where does the the anterior corticospinal tract decussate?

A

Anterior horn

52
Q

What is the function of the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

Voluntary movement o the axial and upper limb musculature

53
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the rubrospinal tract located?

A

Red nucleus in tagmentum of midbrain

54
Q

What is the spinal cord/brain stem location of the rubrospinal tract?

A

Lateral funiculus

55
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract decussate?

A

anterior midbrain tegmentum

56
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract synapse?

A

Anteiror horn

57
Q

What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?

A

voluntary movements of upper limb muscles

58
Q

What is the function of the ventromedial pathways?

A

Posture

HNN (2 decks)

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