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Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

Give an example of voluntary and involuntary movement

A

Voluntary > visually guided reaching movement

Involuntary > withdrawal reflex

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2
Q

Skilled movement involves motor learning and memory. What are these?

A
  1. Declarative = factual information, life events, available to consciousness, easily formed and forgotten
  2. Non-declarative = procedural memory, motor skills, not available to consciousness, less easily formed and forgotten.
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3
Q

Where is motor declarative memory stored?

A

Middle temporal lobe

Diencephalon

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4
Q

Where is non-declarative memory stored?

A
  1. Procedural memory = striatum
  2. Skeletal musculature = cerebellum
  3. Emotional response = amyglada
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5
Q

List the types of strategies involved in controlling voluntary movements

A
  1. Ballistic

2. Pursuit or visial feedback

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6
Q

What is the difference between ballistic and pursuit voluntary movements?

A
  1. Ballistic
    - rapid but at expense of accuracy
    - no room for compensation
    - pre-programmed
    e. g. striking a cricking ball
  2. Pursuit/visual feedback
    - motor command continually updated by sensory feedback (e.g. visual)
    - highly accurate but slow
    - can be modified while in progress
    e. g. pointing at a moving car
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7
Q

List the components of the basal glaglia

A
  1. Caudate nucleus
  2. Putamen
  3. Globus pallidus
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8
Q

List the functionally related areas to the basal ganglia

A
  1. Subthalamic nucleus

2. Substantia nigra

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9
Q

What structures make up the striatum?

A

Caudate nuclues + putamen

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10
Q

What structures make up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen + globus pallidus

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11
Q

What structures make up the corpus striatum?

A

Lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus

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12
Q

Where is the basal ganglia found?

A

Deep within telencephalon

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13
Q

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

A

Initiating of voluntary complex movements

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14
Q

Describe the basal ganglia pathway

A
  1. prefrontal cortex - START
  2. striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen)
  3. globus pallidus
  4. ventrolateral thalamus
  5. area 6 (PMA and SMA)
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15
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Difficulty in initiating movement (tremor)

Pathology in basal ganglia (substantia nigra) - loss of dopaminergic neurons

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16
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease

A 
Tremors
Pill-roll tremor 
Hypokinesia (loss of muscle movement)
Shuffling gate
Progressing to general cognitive decline
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17
Q

Tx for Parkinsons

A

L-DOPA

Deep brain stimulation

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18
Q

What is Huntington’s Disease?

A

Random involuntary movements
Pathology in basal ganglia

Inherited –> triple repeat disease

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19
Q

Symptoms of Huntington’s Disease?

A

Choreas
Difficulty speaking and swallowing
Progressive general cognitive decline

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20
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Proper execution of planned, voluntary, multi-joint movements

Instructs the motor cortex with respect to movement direction, time and force

Coordination of smooth executions of movements

Motor learning and error detection

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21
Q

Describe the cerebellar pathway in motor control

A

Sensorimotor cortex > pontine nuclei (pons) > cerebellum > VL thalamus > motor cortex

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22
Q

What results from damage to the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellar ataxia (poor coordination)

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23
Q

Define ataxia

A

where movements become uncoordinated and inaccurate

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24
Q

What pathway is responsible for posture?

A

ventromedial pathways

25
what pathway is responsible for control of voluntary movement?
Lateral corticospinal pathway and rubrospinal pathway
26
At what level does the corticospinal pathway decussate?
Medullay pyramidal decussation
27
Where is the red nucleus located?
Midbrain
28
What tract does the red nucleus belong to?
Rubrospiral tract (lateral pathways)
29
What is the function of the lateral pathways?
Control of voluntary movement of distal muscles
30
What is the function of the ventromedial pathways?
Control of proximal and axial (trunk) muscles | Maintains posture
31
What is the crossed-extensor reflex
where one limb extends as the other limb flexes - walking
32
Whats the name of the circuits that arise to give rhythmic motor activity?
Central pattern generators
33
What nerves innervate skeletal muscle fibres?
Alpha motor neurons
34
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron + the muscle fibres it innervates
35
What are motor nuclei?
motor neurons in the ventral horn
36
What are graded muscle repsonse?
variations in degree of muscle contraction required for proper control of skeletal movements
37
How are muscle responses graded?
changes in frequency of stimulation of strength if stimulus
38
what is the most important mechanism for grading muscle force?
recruitment of motor units
39
Draw and label cross section of basal ganglia
--- draw
40
How many basal ganglia pathways are there?
2 1. Direct - excitatory 2. Indirect - inhibitory
41
Outline the direct basal ganglia pathway
cortex (+) > striatum (-) > GPi (-) and SNpr (-) > VL thalamus (++) > cortex + SN pas compacta (+) on striatum via dopamine on D1 ``` + = glutamate - = GABA ```
42
Outline the indirect basal ganglia pathway
cortex (+) > striatum (-) > GPi (-) > STN (+) > STN (-) VL thalamus (--) cortex + SN pas compacta (-) D2 dopamine
43
At what level does the lateral corticospinal tract decussate?
Medullary pyramids decussation
44
What is the spinal cord/brain stem location of the lateral corticospinal tract?
Lateral funiculus
45
Where does the lateral corticospinal tract synapse?
Ventral horn of spinal cord
46
What is the function of the lateral corticospinal tract?
Execution of rapid, skilled, voluntary movement, especially of hands and feed (distal muscles)
47
What is the spinal cord/brain stem location of the anterior corticospinal tract?
Anterior funiculus
48
Where does the anterior corticospinal tract decussate?
Fibres decussate at level of termination
49
What is the target/destination of the lateral corticospinal tract?
All spinal cord levels, primarily the cervical and lumbar regions
50
What is the target/destination of the anterior corticospinal tract?
Cervical and thoracic spinal cord levels
51
Where does the the anterior corticospinal tract decussate?
Anterior horn
52
What is the function of the anterior corticospinal tract?
Voluntary movement o the axial and upper limb musculature
53
Where are the cell bodies of the rubrospinal tract located?
Red nucleus in tagmentum of midbrain
54
What is the spinal cord/brain stem location of the rubrospinal tract?
Lateral funiculus
55
Where does the rubrospinal tract decussate?
anterior midbrain tegmentum
56
Where does the rubrospinal tract synapse?
Anteiror horn
57
What is the function of the rubrospinal tract?
voluntary movements of upper limb muscles
58
What is the function of the ventromedial pathways?
Posture

HNN (2 decks)

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