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Perception and Action > Motor Control 1 > Flashcards

Motor Control 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do most actions require?

A
  • Multiple muscles
  • Precise timing (e.g. between the 2 hands)
  • multiple components of movement
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2
Q

What do higher cognitive aspects of motor control include?

A
  • Planning and timing
  • Sequencing
  • Imagery (cg mirror neurons - simulate or imagine movements in real time without making the movement)
  • Expertise (e.g. sport, musical instrument)
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3
Q

What brain area is associated with execution of actions?

A

The primary motor cortex

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4
Q

What brain area is associated with preparation of actions?

A

The premotor cortex

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5
Q

What brain area is associated with higher level of planning?

A

The prefrontal cortex

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6
Q

What brain area is associated with sensory motor links?

A

The parietal cortex

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7
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex (M1) located?

A

The pre-central gyrus

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8
Q

What type of organisation does the M1 have?

A

Somatotopic organisation

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9
Q

Does the M1 produce body movement contralleterally or ipsalaterally?

A

contralaterall

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10
Q

Who was the somatotopic organisation of the M1 originally discovered by?

A

Wilde and Penfield by direct probing of the brain during surgery

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11
Q

Does stroke affecting one side of the brain affect movement on the same or opposite side of the body?

A

Opposite side

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12
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

paralysis of one side

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13
Q

What is hemiparesis?

A

weakness of one side

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14
Q

What is the coding of movements in the M1?

A
  • cells in M1 have a preferred direction of movement
  • populations of cells code the direction of movement- vector coding
  • motor cortex sends impulses down motor cortex to evoke movement in muscles
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15
Q

Where does the M1 get it’s input from?

A

supplementary motor area, premotor area and primary somatosensory area

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16
Q

Where does the M1 give it’s output to?

A

Spinal cord which controls muscles

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17
Q

Are eye movements controlled by the same cortical area as the body?

A

No

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18
Q

What are the two main types of eye movement?

A
  1. Saccades

2. Smooth pursuit

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19
Q

What are saccdes?

A

The fastest movement we make. Perception is suppressed during the movement

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20
Q

how quick are saccades?

A

up to 1000 deg/ sec

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21
Q

what is the duration of saccades?

A

20-200ms

22
Q

What are smooth pursuit eye movements and when are they observed?

A
  • smooth tracking movement

- observed when tracking a stimulus

23
Q

How quick are smooth pursuit movements?

A

Up to around 50 degree/ sec

24
Q

What is the lateral premotor cortex involved in?

A

Externally generated actions e.g. tapping your finger in time to a metronome, crossing the road in response to a green man

25
Q

Where is the supplementary motor area?

A

Medial premotor cortex (closer to the middle)

26
Q

What is the supplementary motor area involved in?

A

Internally generated actions e.g. well learnt sequences, crossing the road without a green man

27
Q

What are the areas more active in difficult bimanual tasks?

A

Cerebellum, SMA, pre-motor area

28
Q

What happens with sequence learning?

A
  • movements become faster and more accurate

- movements change from effortful to automatic

29
Q

What do changes in movements from effortful to automatic include?

A
  • decreased dorsolateral prefrontal activation
  • increased supplementary motor area activation
  • decreased lateral premotor cortex activation
  • decreased primary motor activation
  • subcortical (cerebellum and basal ganglia) activity
30
Q

What happens when virtual lesioning TMS was applied over the SMA (supplementary motor area)?

A

It only interfered with performing the most complex sequence

31
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex involved in?

A
  • choosing what action to perform
  • when someone is paying attention to their action (when it is difficult or they are learning)
  • longer term goals and intentions (what to do and what not to do)
  • Not specific to action
32
Q

What can prefrontal lesions produce?

A
  • Perseveration
  • Utilisation behaviour
  • Disinhibition
  • Frontal apraxia
33
Q

What is perseveration?

A

Repeat the same action when it is no longer relevant

34
Q

What is utilisation behaviour?

A

Act on irrelevant (or inappropriate) object in environment (e.g. picking up someone else’s glasses)

35
Q

What is disinhibition)

A

Repeating movements that shouldn’t be done (e.g. antisaccade task - do the opposite of what you are meant to look at because can’t inhibit pre-potent tendency to look at the target

36
Q

What is frontal apraxia?

A

Not being able to follow steps in routine tasks (e.g. making tea)

37
Q

What is the Normal and Shallice model?

A
  • contention scheduling - selects appropriate schema (e.g. tea making schema)
  • Supervisory attentional system (SAS) is require for novel/ less automatic actions
38
Q

How does the normal and shallice model explain perseveration and utilisation behaviour?

A
  • Perseveration: unable to change schemas when no longer appropriate (lack of flexibility)
  • Utilisation behaviour: schemas activated by environment without SAS suppression
39
Q

Damage to what leads to apraxia?

A

Damage to the parietal cortex

40
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Inability to perform skilled purposeful movement

41
Q

What is the posterior parietal important in?

A

Locating where things are (where things are mapped out in the world) and also important for forming and understanding movements

42
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia?

A
  • idea and execution disconnected - retain knowledge of action
  • can recognise action performed by another
  • fail in pantomiming action
  • can perform sequence but not components of action
43
Q

What can cerebellar damage lead to?

A
  • action tremor (tremor of the body during action)

- dysmetria - over and undershooting of movements

44
Q

What deficits does dysmetria cause?

A

deficits in:

  • coordinating across joints
  • motor learning
  • timing
45
Q

What are symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Bradykinesia: slow movement
  • Tremor (when resting_
  • Rigidity
46
Q

Akinesia is a symptom of Parkinson’s disease. What is this?

A

Trouble with movement

47
Q

Freezing is a symptom of Parkinson’s disease. What is this?

A

Where a person finds themselves frozen and rooted to the spot

48
Q

What sort of gait do people with Parkinson’s have?

A

Shuffling distinctive gait

49
Q

What causes Parkinson’s?

A

Death of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta in the basal ganglia

50
Q

How can Parkinson’s be treated?

A

By giving people dopamine replacement medication

51
Q

How many of the dopamine cells in the substantia nigra have already died away by the time someone exhibits Parkinson’s?

A

80%

52
Q

Why do parkinson’s patients have problems with internally generated movements?

A

Because the Basal Ganglia is closely connected to the SMA which is involved in the control of movements

Perception and Action (7 decks)

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