Motor Flashcards

1
Q

What is somatotopic organization?

A

Certain area of the primary motor cortex controls movement of a specific part of the body

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2
Q

True or false: the primary motor cortex is homotopically connected to the opposite hemisphere.

A

True; both sides are connected to the other side that controls the same thing

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3
Q

What do lateral tracts (in descending motor pathways) control?

A

Independent limb movement

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4
Q

What do ventromedial tracts (in descending motor pathways) control?

A

Automatic, gross movements of trunk and core; proximal limb stability; limbs involved in posture and walking

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5
Q

What are the lateral tracts?

A

Corticospinal tract, corticobulbar tract, rubrospinal tract

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6
Q

What are the ventromedial tracts?

A

Ventral corticospinal tract, tectospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract, reticulospinal tract

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7
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract originate and where does it end?

A

It originates in the cortex (primary and supplementary motor cortex), down to pyramids in medulla, and terminates in gray matter of spinal cord

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8
Q

What does the corticospinal tract control?

A

Primarily fingers, hands, arms, lower legs, feet, and toes

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9
Q

Where does the corticobulbar tract originate and where does it end?

A

Originates primary from primary and supplementary motor cortex; cross in medulla, terminates in cranial nerve

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10
Q

What does the corticobulbar tract control?

A

Primarily movement of face, neck, and tongue; some eye movements

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11
Q

Where does the rubrospinal originate and where does it end?

A

Originates in red nucleus, into dorsal column, and exits on the area of spinal cord according to which area of the body it controls

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12
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract control?

A

Proximal limb movements of forearm and hands, but not finger movements

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13
Q

Where does the ventral corticospinal tract originate and where does it end?

A

Originates primary from primary and supplementary motor cortex; divides in spinal cord and projects bilaterally

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14
Q

What does the ventral corticospinal tract control?

A

Controls trunk (core muscles) and upper leg movements; involved in posture, walking, balance

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15
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originate and where does it end?

A

Originates in superior colliculus (in tectum), descends and exits through bilateral areas of spinal cord

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16
Q

What does the tectospinal tract control?

A

Controls trunk movements and coordinates them with head movements

17
Q

True or false: the ventromedial motor pathway is a unilateral system.

A

False; it is a bilateral system; for its muscle groups, the R hemisphere will control both sides of the body

18
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract originate and where does it end?

A

Originates from vestibular nuclei, bilateral exit through spinal cord to trunk

19
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract control?

A

Gets input from semicircular canals that give info about head alignment; important for posture, reflexes, and walking

20
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate and where does it end?

A

Originates from multiple areas: reticular formation, premotor cortex, amygdala, hypothalamus and basal ganglia; ends throughout brainstem

21
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract control?

A

Controls autonomic functions: muscle tone, coughing, sneezing, respiration; also volitional movements such as walking

22
Q

What is the motor association cortex?

A

Premotor and supplementary motor area; receives the highest level of integrated sensory info from the parietal and temporal multimodal sensory association areas

23
Q

What is the supplementary motor area?

A

Involved in learning and programming of sequenced movements; when one movement serves as cue for the next movement

24
Q

What is the pre-supplementary motor area?

A

Involved in initiating the intention of movement

25
What is the premotor cortex?
Involved in learning and executing complex movements that are guided by sensory input; important when sensory input is "arbitrary" i.e., not directly related to the movement
26
What is apraxia?
Preserved ability to move but impairment in complex execution of movements; can be movement of wrong part of limb, incorrect movement of correct limb, or correct movements in incorrect sequence
27
What part of the brain is almost always associated with apraxia?
L hemisphere lesions; L parietal or L frontal (plans to move); L frontal will also impair ability to comprehend gestures of others
28
What is the neostriatum?
The caudate and putamen; in the basal ganglia
29
What does the cerebellum influence?
Postural reflexes; rapid, skilled multi-muscle movements; modification/regulation of movements initiated in cortex; timing and sequencing of movements
30
What symptoms are produced by lesions in the cerebellum?
(dependent on area) rigidity, fragmented movement, impaired timing, ataxia