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PSY325 > motivational & protective functions > Flashcards

motivational & protective functions Flashcards

protective & motivational functions, self esteem (development, sources, importance), self enhancement motive, self serving (biases, beliefs, comparisons, attributions, behaviours)

1
Q

what does the protective function of the self serve?

A
  • maintains favourable impressions of one’s attributes
  • maximizes pleasure and minimizes/avoids pain
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2
Q

what does the motivational function of the self serve?

A
  • energize to pursue goals
  • provide plans and incentives
  • identify standards that allow the attainment of ideals in the service of self-change
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3
Q

what kind of view did William James have of self esteem?

A

cognitive view

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4
Q

what is described as the ratio of one’s successes to one’s pretensions

A

self-esteem

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5
Q

according to William James, if one’s perceived successes > one’s pretensions, is their self esteem high or low?

A

high self-esteem

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6
Q

according to William James, if one’s pretensions > one’s successes (in important domains), is their self esteem high or low?

A

low self esteem

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7
Q

what kind of view did Charles Cooley have of self esteem?

A

social view

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8
Q

who proposed the looking glass self?

A

Charles Cooley

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9
Q

What is Charles Cooley’s basis of self esteem?

A

believed that self-esteem is based on reflected appraisals and the accompanying self-feeling

(self esteem is based on what you think others think about you)

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10
Q

according to Charles Cooley, how would one with high self-esteem feel?

A
  • believe that others judge them favourable
  • feel proud
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11
Q

according to Charles Cooley, how would one with low self-esteem feel?

A
  • believe that others judge them unfavourable
  • feel ashamed
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12
Q

what are the 6 concepts of self-esteem

A
  1. global SE
  2. state/barometric SE (feelings of self worth)
  3. SE stability/variability
  4. domain specific SE
  5. contingent SE
  6. implicit SE
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13
Q

what is another term for global self esteem?

A

trait OR baseline SE

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14
Q

what is global self esteem?

A

the general evaluation/feelings of oneself

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15
Q

is global self esteem stable or variable across time and context?

A

stable

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16
Q

what is state/barometric self esteem?

A
  • feelings of self worth
  • self-evaluative reactions to valanced events
  • how you evaluate yourself in a moment, in response to some event
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17
Q

is state/barometric self esteem stable or variable across time and context?

A

variable

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18
Q

what is self esteem stability/variability?

A
  • how much one’s SE varies in response to what is happening in life
  • short-term fluctuations in one’s contextually based self-esteem
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19
Q

is self-esteem stability/variability stable or variable across time and context?

A

variable

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20
Q

what is domain specific self esteem?

A
  • the way in which ppl evaluate their various abilities and attributes
  • reflects evaluations of a specific aspect of who you are (specific domain)
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21
Q

is domain specific self-esteem stable or variable across time?

A

stable

22
Q

what are some examples of domain specific self esteem?

A
  • academic SE
  • social SE
  • physical appearance SE
23
Q

what is contingent self esteem?

A
  • feelings/evaluations of oneself that depend on whether or not you lived up to some standard
  • feelings about oneself that result from matching some standard of excellence or living up to some interpersonal or intrapsychic expectations
24
Q

if self evaluations are very dependent on living to some standard, is contingent SE high or low?

A

high

25
Q

if self evaluations are not so dependent on living to some standard, is contingent SE high or low?

A

low

26
Q

what is implicit self esteem?

A
  • evaluations of oneself that one is not consciously aware of
  • subjectively experienced, affective orientation toward the self that is elicited automatically by self-primes and in the absence of conscious control
27
Q

what is an example of a test that can be used to measure implicit self esteem?

A

implicit association test

28
Q

what are the sources/factors of self-esteem

A
  • genetic
  • environment
29
Q

how much percent do genetic factors play a role in the source of self-esteem?

A

34%

30
Q

how much percent do environment factors play a role in the source of self-esteem?

A

66%

31
Q

T/F? self-esteem is a basic and fundamental need

A

true

32
Q

why do we have self-esteem?

A

self-esteem may have evolved to facilitate social inclusion, buffer us from existential anxiety, help us achieve our goals, and help us bounce back from adversity

33
Q

what is the self-enhancement motive?

A

motivation to enhance the positivity of one’s self-conceptions or protect the self from negative information

34
Q

what are 3 self serving biases of the self enhancement motive?

A
  • positive illusions
  • misremembering
  • falsee consensus
35
Q

what is positive illusions as a self-serving bias?

A
  • unrealistically positive self evaluations
  • self rating > rating of a ‘generalized other” (better than avg.)
36
Q

how to measure positive illusions

A

self rating vs. an external criterion

  • if self rating > external criterion, positive illusion is present
37
Q

what is misremembering as a self-serving bias?

A

recalling information in a way that leads to a favourable self-evaluation

38
Q

what is the false consensus effect in regards to the self-serving bias?

A

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people share our opinions, attitudes, and undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours

(overestimating how much, other people are doing the same thing)

39
Q

what is the false uniqueness effect in regards to the self-serving bias?

A

the tendency to underestimate the extent to which other people share our positive attitudes and desirable or successful behaviours

40
Q

what are 3 self-serving beliefs?

A
  • unrealistic optimism
  • perceived control
  • overconfident judgements
41
Q

what is unrealistic optimism? (self-serving belief)

A

a phenomenon in which people see themselves as more likely than other people to experience good events, and less likely than other people to experience bad events

42
Q

what is perceived control? (self-serving belief)

A

the tendency to see uncontrollable events as at least partially under our control

43
Q

what is overconfident judgements? (self-serving belief)

A

the tendency to be overconfident when predicting one’s own behaviour

44
Q

what is downward temporal comparisons? (self-serving comparisons)

A

comparing oneself to a past self who performed worse than the present self

45
Q

what is downward social comparisons? (self-serving comparisons)

A

comparing oneself to others who are performing worse than you are

46
Q

what is upward social comparison? (self-serving comparison)

A

comparing oneself to others who are performing better than you are

47
Q

what is counterfactual thinking?

A

mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been

48
Q

what is upward simulation? (counterfactual thinking)

A
  • simulated alternative better than reality
  • doesn’t make us feel good about ourselves
49
Q

what is downward simulation? (counterfactual thinking)

A
  • simulated alternatives worse than reality
  • makes us feel a bit better about ourselves
  • important for self-enhancement
50
Q

what is self-serving attributions?

A

tendency to attribute own successes to dispositional causes and failures to situational causes

51
Q

what is self-handicapping? (self-serving behaviour)

A

a strategy in which people create obstacles to success so that potential failure can be blamed on external factors

52
Q

what is one way in which the motivational and protective functions of the self are served?

A

the self enhancement motive

PSY325 (5 decks)

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