MOTIVATION TEXTBOOK Flashcards
10 unifying themes of motivation
- complex adaptive system
- direction attention, intervening variables, vary over time (stream of behaviour), various types, can be subconscious, reveals what people want, what is easy is rarely effective, good theory, needs supportive environment
What are the supportive enironments needed for motivation to flourish (4)
1) education
2) work
3) sports
4) therapy
Platos view of motivation (3)
- comes from the arranged soul
1) appetitive aspect (id)
2) competitive (ego)
3) calculating aspect (superego)
Artistole view of motivation (3)
- same view as plato but used different terminology
1) nutrititive (id)
2) sensitive (ego)
3) Rational (superego)
Descartes
- evnetually reduced to dualism
- mind is passive
3 grand theories
1) will
2) instinct
3) drive
4 stages of Freud’s Drive Theory
1) drive source
2) impetus
3) objects
4) aim
Hull’s drive theory
- used scientific method to build theory
- all needs add up to meet total needs
- E= HxD (habit and drive = environment)
Revised Hul’’s drive theory
- E= HxDxK = includes incentive and internal drive
3 assumptions of drive theory (that were criticized)
1) from bodily needs - can emerge without bodily needs
2) to energize behaviour - no because you can eat for taste but not for behaviour
3) drive reduction = learning - doing something just to learn occurs
What is optimal level of arousal
- too little arousal (boredom) and too much arousal (stress) is aversive
Goal of mini theories (4)
1) to study motivational phenomenon
2) to study particular people
3) particular circumstances
4) theoretical questions
3 reasons of decline to drive theory
1) active humans
2) cognitive revolution
3) social relevant questions
Darwin
- argued emotional reactions were innate
William James
- thoughts emotions were non-specific (bodily reaction = emotions)
Stanley Schatecner
- phsiological reaction was general arousal state and person needs environmental cues to interpret emotional reaction (cognitive appraisal = emotion)
Dual process model
- bidirectional forces with basic emotions and cognitive control over these motivation and emotion
Dopamine
- reward and pleasure
Serotonin
- mood and emotion
Norepinephrine
- communicate with arousal and alertness
Endorphins
- inhibition of pain, anxiety, fear etc.
How does Hypothlamus control (1) endorcrine system and (2) automatic nervous system
1) through controlling the pituitary gland and secreting hormoes
2) by controllin the PNS and ANS
Right hemisphere
- produce negative emotion; sympathetic NS; behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
Left hemisphere
- produce positive emotion; parasympathetic NS; beahvioural actiavtion system (BAS)
Allostatic load
- cumulative toll of stress
Psychological need
- deficits in biology
Psychological drive
- conscious manifestation
homeostatsis
- to maintain equillibrum
Negative feedback
- once underlying need is satifised the body needs a signal to stop
Multiple inputs/outputs
drive arise from different inputs and different goal directed behaviours
Intraorganismic mechanisms
- environemntal influences that play a part in activating psychology drive
Homestatic mechanism
- “wisdom of body” that uses intraogranism mechanism and negative feedback to regulate system
Double depletion model
- both intra and extracellular fluid is depelted
Osmometric thirst
- intracellula fluid needs replensihitment
Volumetric thirst
- extracellular fluid needs replenishment (reduction of plasma)
What is primary cause of thirst?
- osmoetric thirst; fix my replinsihign intracellular fluid
Osmosis
- water passes extracellular fluid to intracellular to hydrate osmometric thirst
What is the role of hypothamalus in thirst
- it monitors intracellular shrinkage and when it notices that there is too much salt and less water it releases andi-diretuic homrone into the blood that tells the kidney to conserve water
Glycostatic hypothesis
- short term appetite homeostatic model that monistors blood-sugar level and when it drops the cells send signal to lateral hypothlamaus to tell us to eat
What is resonsible for terminating eating?
- ventromedial hypothalamus (VHM)
Lipostatic hypothesis
- long-term metabolic homestatic model that fat levels drop which signal adipose tissues to secrete ghrelin which signals to lateral hypothalamus that it is hungry
- leptin from fat cells will tell ventromedial hypothalamus (VHM) that it is full
set point theory
- biologically determined weight so when you diet your fat cells shrink and hunger persists untill they are allowed to return to set point