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MIDTERM TEXTBOOK > MOTIVATION TEXTBOOK > Flashcards

MOTIVATION TEXTBOOK Flashcards

1
Q

10 unifying themes of motivation

A
  • complex adaptive system
  • direction attention, intervening variables, vary over time (stream of behaviour), various types, can be subconscious, reveals what people want, what is easy is rarely effective, good theory, needs supportive environment
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2
Q

What are the supportive enironments needed for motivation to flourish (4)

A

1) education
2) work
3) sports
4) therapy

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3
Q

Platos view of motivation (3)

A
  • comes from the arranged soul
    1) appetitive aspect (id)
    2) competitive (ego)
    3) calculating aspect (superego)
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4
Q

Artistole view of motivation (3)

A
  • same view as plato but used different terminology
    1) nutrititive (id)
    2) sensitive (ego)
    3) Rational (superego)
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5
Q

Descartes

A
  • evnetually reduced to dualism

- mind is passive

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6
Q

3 grand theories

A

1) will
2) instinct
3) drive

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7
Q

4 stages of Freud’s Drive Theory

A

1) drive source
2) impetus
3) objects
4) aim

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8
Q

Hull’s drive theory

A
  • used scientific method to build theory
  • all needs add up to meet total needs
  • E= HxD (habit and drive = environment)
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9
Q

Revised Hul’’s drive theory

A
  • E= HxDxK = includes incentive and internal drive
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10
Q

3 assumptions of drive theory (that were criticized)

A

1) from bodily needs - can emerge without bodily needs
2) to energize behaviour - no because you can eat for taste but not for behaviour
3) drive reduction = learning - doing something just to learn occurs

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11
Q

What is optimal level of arousal

A
  • too little arousal (boredom) and too much arousal (stress) is aversive
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12
Q

Goal of mini theories (4)

A

1) to study motivational phenomenon
2) to study particular people
3) particular circumstances
4) theoretical questions

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13
Q

3 reasons of decline to drive theory

A

1) active humans
2) cognitive revolution
3) social relevant questions

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14
Q

Darwin

A
  • argued emotional reactions were innate
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15
Q

William James

A
  • thoughts emotions were non-specific (bodily reaction = emotions)
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16
Q

Stanley Schatecner

A
  • phsiological reaction was general arousal state and person needs environmental cues to interpret emotional reaction (cognitive appraisal = emotion)
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17
Q

Dual process model

A
  • bidirectional forces with basic emotions and cognitive control over these motivation and emotion
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18
Q

Dopamine

A
  • reward and pleasure
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19
Q

Serotonin

A
  • mood and emotion
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20
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • communicate with arousal and alertness
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21
Q

Endorphins

A
  • inhibition of pain, anxiety, fear etc.
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22
Q

How does Hypothlamus control (1) endorcrine system and (2) automatic nervous system

A

1) through controlling the pituitary gland and secreting hormoes
2) by controllin the PNS and ANS

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23
Q

Right hemisphere

A
  • produce negative emotion; sympathetic NS; behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
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24
Q

Left hemisphere

A
  • produce positive emotion; parasympathetic NS; beahvioural actiavtion system (BAS)
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25
Q

Allostatic load

A
  • cumulative toll of stress
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26
Q

Psychological need

A
  • deficits in biology
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27
Q

Psychological drive

A
  • conscious manifestation
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28
Q

homeostatsis

A
  • to maintain equillibrum
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29
Q

Negative feedback

A
  • once underlying need is satifised the body needs a signal to stop
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30
Q

Multiple inputs/outputs

A

drive arise from different inputs and different goal directed behaviours

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31
Q

Intraorganismic mechanisms

A
  • environemntal influences that play a part in activating psychology drive
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32
Q

Homestatic mechanism

A
  • “wisdom of body” that uses intraogranism mechanism and negative feedback to regulate system
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33
Q

Double depletion model

A
  • both intra and extracellular fluid is depelted
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34
Q

Osmometric thirst

A
  • intracellula fluid needs replensihitment
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35
Q

Volumetric thirst

A
  • extracellular fluid needs replenishment (reduction of plasma)
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36
Q

What is primary cause of thirst?

A
  • osmoetric thirst; fix my replinsihign intracellular fluid
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37
Q

Osmosis

A
  • water passes extracellular fluid to intracellular to hydrate osmometric thirst
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38
Q

What is the role of hypothamalus in thirst

A
  • it monitors intracellular shrinkage and when it notices that there is too much salt and less water it releases andi-diretuic homrone into the blood that tells the kidney to conserve water
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39
Q

Glycostatic hypothesis

A
  • short term appetite homeostatic model that monistors blood-sugar level and when it drops the cells send signal to lateral hypothlamaus to tell us to eat
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40
Q

What is resonsible for terminating eating?

A
  • ventromedial hypothalamus (VHM)
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41
Q

Lipostatic hypothesis

A
  • long-term metabolic homestatic model that fat levels drop which signal adipose tissues to secrete ghrelin which signals to lateral hypothalamus that it is hungry
  • leptin from fat cells will tell ventromedial hypothalamus (VHM) that it is full
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42
Q

set point theory

A
  • biologically determined weight so when you diet your fat cells shrink and hunger persists untill they are allowed to return to set point
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43
Q

Restraint release

A
  • environent cues that distract us from vognitive control (we think our will power is stronger than it actually is)
44
Q

Conterregulation

A
  • paradoxical pattern of dieters who eat very little but after consuming high carbs they binge
45
Q

comphrehensive model of hunger

A

combines short term (glucostatic hpyothesis) with longer term (lipostatic hypothesis influences with environment and psyhology

46
Q

Androgen

A

found in men

47
Q

Estrogen

A

found in women

48
Q

Traditional response cycle

A

sexual arousal –> sexual response –> enable organsm

49
Q

Intimacy based model

A

emotiona intimacy anticipates sexual desire and make women seuxally responsibe

50
Q

Where is oxytocin released?

A

pituitary gland

51
Q

Facial metrics

A

study of peole’s judgement of attractiveness of fcial characteristics

52
Q

3 facial metrics

A

1) neonatal features - most effective for woman
2) sexual maturity - most effect for men
3) expressive features

53
Q

sexual scripts

A
  • mental represenation of step-by-step sequence of events that occur during typical sexual episode
54
Q

Sexual schemas

A
  • beliefs about ones sexual self make from past experiences (positive and negative) - ET and IT
55
Q

2 reasons that emotions end

A

1) removal of signiicant event

2) coping beahviour is succsful

56
Q

2 ways to reconciile the numbers issues of whetehr meotions are basic or fundamental

A

1) basic emotions are not a single emotion but a family
2) we have have basic emotions that expand to become higher secondary emotions and don’t feel primary emotions after childhood

57
Q

Emotion regulation strategies (2 types)

A

1) proactive

2) reactive

58
Q

Situation seelection

A
  • proactive

- early opporutnty to make event likely or not

59
Q

situation madification

A
  • proactive - look to control the situation and support
60
Q

reapprasial

A
  • proactive - change the way of thinking (primary appraisla - how you think of emotion) or secondary appraisal (how to cope with it)
61
Q

Supression

A
  • reactive

- modify emotional expeirence

62
Q

Valence

A
  • pleasure vs. displeasure
63
Q

Aoursal

A
  • activation vs. deactivation
64
Q

Elated

A
  • positive and activated
65
Q

Contented

A
  • positeive and deactivated
66
Q

upset

A
  • negative and actiavted
67
Q

gloomy

A
  • negative and deactivated
68
Q

positeive affect

A
  • reward drive (dopamine)
69
Q

negative effect

A
  • punihsment -driven
70
Q

James-Lange Theory

A
  • stimulus –> bodily reaction –> emotion

- no body reaction = no emotion

71
Q

Criticism of James Lange theory

A
  • emotion experiences are faster than physiology

- role of physiology is to augment not cuase emotions

72
Q

3 distinct nueral circuits with emotions

A

1) behavioural approach system
2) fight or flight
3) behavioural inhbition system

73
Q

What are the 5 basic emotions?

A

1) fear
2) digust
3) joy
4) sadness
5) anger

74
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A
  • emtion comes from the awareness of proprioceptive feedback from the facial behaiour –> sends this image to cortical structure for conscious experience
75
Q

Frontalis

A
  • forehead wrinkles
76
Q

Corugator

A
  • draws eyebrow down for fear and sadness
77
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A
  • tense eyelids
78
Q

Nasali

A
  • wrinkles nose in digust
79
Q

Zygomaticus

A
  • raise mouth for smile, joy
80
Q

Orbiculari oris

A
  • press lips together for anger and digusts
81
Q

Quadratus labii

A
  • pull mouth backward for fear
82
Q

Depressor

A
  • pul mouth down for sadness
83
Q

Strong FFH

A
  • change of faical muscles will activate emotional reponse to produce physiological one
84
Q

Weak FFH

A
  • facial feedback modifies intensity of emotion; facial expression does not activat emotional experience (2 way street of emotions)
85
Q

Where do westerns look to detect facial expression?

A
  • mouth - compared to the eyes which is more ambigious
86
Q

Appraisal of emotion (4 central compoents)

A

1) without appriasl - no emitoin
2) appraisal cause emotion (not actual event)
3) is a process
4) changes

87
Q

Primary appraisal (lazarus)

A
  • life relevance
88
Q

Secondary appraisal (lazarus)

A
  • coping resources
89
Q

cognitive-motiation-realtional theory of emotion

A
  • cognition commmunicates importance of apprasial
90
Q

Arnold (apraisal)

A
  • like vs. dislike (valence)
91
Q

Lazarus (apprasial)

A
  • primary = goal relevance

- secondary = coping

92
Q

Emotional diferent ion

A
  • phenomemn that same even does not equal the same emotion = appraisal theory (this can occur within 1 episode)
93
Q

How much does cognitive appriasal account for ?

A

65-70% accuracy

94
Q

5 reasons why appraisal can’t account fo everything

A

1) other proceses contribute
2) only function to intensfy emotion (does not cause it)
3) emotions overlap
4) developmental differences
5) emotion knowledge and causal attributions

95
Q

Emotion knowledge

A
  • stores cognitive hierarches
  • great knowledge = knowing how to identify and address it
  • general knowledge = know how to identify it
96
Q

Outcome dependent emotional reaction

A
  • primary appraisal of the outcome follow after the good or bad event
97
Q

Secondary appraisal of the outcome

A
  • further explain why they failed or successed
98
Q

3 concepts for emotional contagion

A

1) mimicry
2) feedback
3) contagion

99
Q

Social sharing of emotion (2 ways)

A

1) social affectively - provides support

2) cognitie sharing - provides support and cognitive resources to eliminate distress

100
Q

What is moralization?

A
  • when people recruit disgust to pair it with something e.g. smoking
101
Q

2 motives of shame

A

1) protect self

2) restore self

102
Q

2 types of pride

A

1) authentic pride - internal, unstable, conrollable - promotes achievement
2) hubris pride - internal, stable, uncontrollable - narcissim

103
Q

2 emotional reactions to triump

A

1) self expressive ebeaviour - raise body

2) social domainance - make fist and thumping

104
Q

2 types of envy

A

1) bengin envy - upward motivation; believes person is deserving
2) malicious envy - downward motivation; believes person is undeserving

105
Q

Benefit detector (gratidue)

A
  • emotional readout that one has benefited from generouity
106
Q

2 activations of gratitude

A

1) kindness focus - positive and caring orientation; communal realtionship
2) benefit focus - negative and recriprocity orientation; exchcange relationship

107
Q

2 types of empathy

A

1) cogntivie empathy - perspective taking

2) emotional empathy - focused on feelings

MIDTERM TEXTBOOK (2 decks)

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