MOTIVATION TEXTBOOK Flashcards
1
Q
10 unifying themes of motivation
A
- complex adaptive system
- direction attention, intervening variables, vary over time (stream of behaviour), various types, can be subconscious, reveals what people want, what is easy is rarely effective, good theory, needs supportive environment
2
Q
What are the supportive enironments needed for motivation to flourish (4)
A
1) education
2) work
3) sports
4) therapy
3
Q
Platos view of motivation (3)
A
- comes from the arranged soul
1) appetitive aspect (id)
2) competitive (ego)
3) calculating aspect (superego)
4
Q
Artistole view of motivation (3)
A
- same view as plato but used different terminology
1) nutrititive (id)
2) sensitive (ego)
3) Rational (superego)
5
Q
Descartes
A
- evnetually reduced to dualism
- mind is passive
6
Q
3 grand theories
A
1) will
2) instinct
3) drive
7
Q
4 stages of Freud’s Drive Theory
A
1) drive source
2) impetus
3) objects
4) aim
8
Q
Hull’s drive theory
A
- used scientific method to build theory
- all needs add up to meet total needs
- E= HxD (habit and drive = environment)
9
Q
Revised Hul’’s drive theory
A
- E= HxDxK = includes incentive and internal drive
10
Q
3 assumptions of drive theory (that were criticized)
A
1) from bodily needs - can emerge without bodily needs
2) to energize behaviour - no because you can eat for taste but not for behaviour
3) drive reduction = learning - doing something just to learn occurs
11
Q
What is optimal level of arousal
A
- too little arousal (boredom) and too much arousal (stress) is aversive
12
Q
Goal of mini theories (4)
A
1) to study motivational phenomenon
2) to study particular people
3) particular circumstances
4) theoretical questions
13
Q
3 reasons of decline to drive theory
A
1) active humans
2) cognitive revolution
3) social relevant questions
14
Q
Darwin
A
- argued emotional reactions were innate
15
Q
William James
A
- thoughts emotions were non-specific (bodily reaction = emotions)
16
Q
Stanley Schatecner
A
- phsiological reaction was general arousal state and person needs environmental cues to interpret emotional reaction (cognitive appraisal = emotion)
17
Q
Dual process model
A
- bidirectional forces with basic emotions and cognitive control over these motivation and emotion
18
Q
Dopamine
A
- reward and pleasure
19
Q
Serotonin
A
- mood and emotion
20
Q
Norepinephrine
A
- communicate with arousal and alertness
21
Q
Endorphins
A
- inhibition of pain, anxiety, fear etc.
22
Q
How does Hypothlamus control (1) endorcrine system and (2) automatic nervous system
A
1) through controlling the pituitary gland and secreting hormoes
2) by controllin the PNS and ANS
23
Q
Right hemisphere
A
- produce negative emotion; sympathetic NS; behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
24
Q
Left hemisphere
A
- produce positive emotion; parasympathetic NS; beahvioural actiavtion system (BAS)
25
Allostatic load
- cumulative toll of stress
26
Psychological need
- deficits in biology
27
Psychological drive
- conscious manifestation
28
homeostatsis
- to maintain equillibrum
29
Negative feedback
- once underlying need is satifised the body needs a signal to stop
30
Multiple inputs/outputs
drive arise from different inputs and different goal directed behaviours
31
Intraorganismic mechanisms
- environemntal influences that play a part in activating psychology drive
32
Homestatic mechanism
- "wisdom of body" that uses intraogranism mechanism and negative feedback to regulate system
33
Double depletion model
- both intra and extracellular fluid is depelted
34
Osmometric thirst
- intracellula fluid needs replensihitment
35
Volumetric thirst
- extracellular fluid needs replenishment (reduction of plasma)
36
What is primary cause of thirst?
- osmoetric thirst; fix my replinsihign intracellular fluid
37
Osmosis
- water passes extracellular fluid to intracellular to hydrate osmometric thirst
38
What is the role of hypothamalus in thirst
- it monitors intracellular shrinkage and when it notices that there is too much salt and less water it releases andi-diretuic homrone into the blood that tells the kidney to conserve water
39
Glycostatic hypothesis
- short term appetite homeostatic model that monistors blood-sugar level and when it drops the cells send signal to lateral hypothlamaus to tell us to eat
40
What is resonsible for terminating eating?
- ventromedial hypothalamus (VHM)
41
Lipostatic hypothesis
- long-term metabolic homestatic model that fat levels drop which signal adipose tissues to secrete ghrelin which signals to lateral hypothalamus that it is hungry
- leptin from fat cells will tell ventromedial hypothalamus (VHM) that it is full
42
set point theory
- biologically determined weight so when you diet your fat cells shrink and hunger persists untill they are allowed to return to set point
43
Restraint release
- environent cues that distract us from vognitive control (we think our will power is stronger than it actually is)
44
Conterregulation
- paradoxical pattern of dieters who eat very little but after consuming high carbs they binge
45
comphrehensive model of hunger
combines short term (glucostatic hpyothesis) with longer term (lipostatic hypothesis influences with environment and psyhology
46
Androgen
found in men
47
Estrogen
found in women
48
Traditional response cycle
sexual arousal --> sexual response --> enable organsm
49
Intimacy based model
emotiona intimacy anticipates sexual desire and make women seuxally responsibe
50
Where is oxytocin released?
pituitary gland
51
Facial metrics
study of peole's judgement of attractiveness of fcial characteristics
52
3 facial metrics
1) neonatal features - most effective for woman
2) sexual maturity - most effect for men
3) expressive features
53
sexual scripts
- mental represenation of step-by-step sequence of events that occur during typical sexual episode
54
Sexual schemas
- beliefs about ones sexual self make from past experiences (positive and negative) - ET and IT
55
2 reasons that emotions end
1) removal of signiicant event
| 2) coping beahviour is succsful
56
2 ways to reconciile the numbers issues of whetehr meotions are basic or fundamental
1) basic emotions are not a single emotion but a family
2) we have have basic emotions that expand to become higher secondary emotions and don't feel primary emotions after childhood
57
Emotion regulation strategies (2 types)
1) proactive
| 2) reactive
58
Situation seelection
- proactive
| - early opporutnty to make event likely or not
59
situation madification
- proactive - look to control the situation and support
60
reapprasial
- proactive - change the way of thinking (primary appraisla - how you think of emotion) or secondary appraisal (how to cope with it)
61
Supression
- reactive
| - modify emotional expeirence
62
Valence
- pleasure vs. displeasure
63
Aoursal
- activation vs. deactivation
64
Elated
- positive and activated
65
Contented
- positeive and deactivated
66
upset
- negative and actiavted
67
gloomy
- negative and deactivated
68
positeive affect
- reward drive (dopamine)
69
negative effect
- punihsment -driven
70
James-Lange Theory
- stimulus --> bodily reaction --> emotion
| - no body reaction = no emotion
71
Criticism of James Lange theory
- emotion experiences are faster than physiology
| - role of physiology is to augment not cuase emotions
72
3 distinct nueral circuits with emotions
1) behavioural approach system
2) fight or flight
3) behavioural inhbition system
73
What are the 5 basic emotions?
1) fear
2) digust
3) joy
4) sadness
5) anger
74
What is the facial feedback hypothesis?
- emtion comes from the awareness of proprioceptive feedback from the facial behaiour --> sends this image to cortical structure for conscious experience
75
Frontalis
- forehead wrinkles
76
Corugator
- draws eyebrow down for fear and sadness
77
Orbicularis oculi
- tense eyelids
78
Nasali
- wrinkles nose in digust
79
Zygomaticus
- raise mouth for smile, joy
80
Orbiculari oris
- press lips together for anger and digusts
81
Quadratus labii
- pull mouth backward for fear
82
Depressor
- pul mouth down for sadness
83
Strong FFH
- change of faical muscles will activate emotional reponse to produce physiological one
84
Weak FFH
- facial feedback modifies intensity of emotion; facial expression does not activat emotional experience (2 way street of emotions)
85
Where do westerns look to detect facial expression?
- mouth - compared to the eyes which is more ambigious
86
Appraisal of emotion (4 central compoents)
1) without appriasl - no emitoin
2) appraisal cause emotion (not actual event)
3) is a process
4) changes
87
Primary appraisal (lazarus)
- life relevance
88
Secondary appraisal (lazarus)
- coping resources
89
cognitive-motiation-realtional theory of emotion
- cognition commmunicates importance of apprasial
90
Arnold (apraisal)
- like vs. dislike (valence)
91
Lazarus (apprasial)
- primary = goal relevance
| - secondary = coping
92
Emotional diferent ion
- phenomemn that same even does not equal the same emotion = appraisal theory (this can occur within 1 episode)
93
How much does cognitive appriasal account for ?
65-70% accuracy
94
5 reasons why appraisal can't account fo everything
1) other proceses contribute
2) only function to intensfy emotion (does not cause it)
3) emotions overlap
4) developmental differences
5) emotion knowledge and causal attributions
95
Emotion knowledge
- stores cognitive hierarches
- great knowledge = knowing how to identify and address it
- general knowledge = know how to identify it
96
Outcome dependent emotional reaction
- primary appraisal of the outcome follow after the good or bad event
97
Secondary appraisal of the outcome
- further explain why they failed or successed
98
3 concepts for emotional contagion
1) mimicry
2) feedback
3) contagion
99
Social sharing of emotion (2 ways)
1) social affectively - provides support
| 2) cognitie sharing - provides support and cognitive resources to eliminate distress
100
What is moralization?
- when people recruit disgust to pair it with something e.g. smoking
101
2 motives of shame
1) protect self
| 2) restore self
102
2 types of pride
1) authentic pride - internal, unstable, conrollable - promotes achievement
2) hubris pride - internal, stable, uncontrollable - narcissim
103
2 emotional reactions to triump
1) self expressive ebeaviour - raise body
| 2) social domainance - make fist and thumping
104
2 types of envy
1) bengin envy - upward motivation; believes person is deserving
2) malicious envy - downward motivation; believes person is undeserving
105
Benefit detector (gratidue)
- emotional readout that one has benefited from generouity
106
2 activations of gratitude
1) kindness focus - positive and caring orientation; communal realtionship
2) benefit focus - negative and recriprocity orientation; exchcange relationship
107
2 types of empathy
1) cogntivie empathy - perspective taking
| 2) emotional empathy - focused on feelings
