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DISP Psychology > Motivation: Hunger and Sex > Flashcards

Motivation: Hunger and Sex Flashcards

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

the urge to move toward one’s goals; to accomplish tasks

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2
Q

What is a need?

A

inherently biological state of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compels drives

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3
Q

What is a drive?

A

perceived state of tension that occurs when our bodies are deficient in some need

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4
Q

What is an incentive?

A

any external object or event that motivates behaviour

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5
Q

What are food, sleep, and air examples of?

A

needs

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6
Q

How do a drive and an incentive differ?

A

a drive PUSHES you into action; an incentive PULLS you into action

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7
Q

Is a “want” always the same as a need?

A

no (but sometimes)

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8
Q

What is the need and the drive that pushes one into eating?

A

need: nutrients
drive: hunger
motivated behaviour: eating

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9
Q

According to the evolutionary model, why have many drives arisen?

A

through natural selection - living organisms must perpetuate themselves, so drives help with survival and reproduction

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10
Q

According to the evolutionary model, what do major motives all involve?

A

basic survival and reproduction needs and drives

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11
Q

What is the purpose of a living organism?

A

to perpetuate itself

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12
Q

What is the problem with the evolutionary model?

A

it doesn’t describe many needs

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13
Q

How does natural selection relate to biological fitness?

A

organisms that are more biologically fit (able to survive and reproduce in their environment) survive to pass on their genes

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14
Q

What drives is the drive reduction model good at describing?

A

regulatory drives

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15
Q

What is a regulatory drive?

A

a drive needed for survival

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16
Q

What is a non-regulatory drive (and example)?

A

a drive not needed for survival - curiosity, sex…

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17
Q

According to the drive reduction model, what causes a drive?

A

the need to balance physiological systems when depleted

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18
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point

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19
Q

What model of motivation is often represented by a thermostat?

A

drive reduction model

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20
Q

According to the drive reduction model, how would the hunger drive be triggered?

A
  1. blood sugar drops
  2. brain detects change and causes person to seek food
  3. blood sugar returns to optimal level
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21
Q

What two things does the hierarchical model of motivation combine?

A

drives and incentives

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22
Q

What is the range of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

most basic physiological needs to psychological needs for growth and fulfillment

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23
Q

When can higher needs in Maslow’s hierachy get filled?

A

after the lower ones are obtained

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24
Q

What are the needs in the hierarchy in order from most basic to highest?

A

physiological needs, safety and security needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, self-actualization

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25
Q

What behaviour is motivated by the need to belong?

A

affiliation

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26
Q

What can rejection lead to in inherently social creatures?

A

physical and psychological problems

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27
Q

What does the need to excel lead to?

A

achievement (desire to do things well, overcome obstacles)

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28
Q

What are the three factors that determine the value of an achievement for an individual?

A

motivation to succeed, expectation of success, incentive value of the success

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29
Q

What minor cues does the stomach give for hunger?

A

feeling full from stretch (tactile receptors), growling (gastric secretions), hunger pains (contractions)

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30
Q

How do blood glucose relate to hunger?

A

brain detects changes in levels of glucose, which can stimulate/stop hunger

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31
Q

What part of the brain monitors blood glucose levels?

A

hypothalamus

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32
Q

What effect does the lateral hypothalamus have on eating?

A

stimulates feeding

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33
Q

What part of the brain inhibits feeding?

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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34
Q

What happens when a rat’s ventromedial hypothalamus is lesioned?

A

it eats too much

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35
Q

What are the four biological components of hunger?

A

stomach, blood, brain, hormones/neurochemicals

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36
Q

What 5 hormones/neurochemicals stimulate feeding?

A

NPY, orexin, ghrelin, melanin, endocannabinoids

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37
Q

What 4 chemicals inhibit feeding?

A

insulin, leptin, PYY, CCK

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38
Q

What does neuropeptide Y (NPY) do?

A

stimulates feeding

39
Q

What role does orexin play in feeding, other than stimulation?

A

keeps us awake to eat

40
Q

To what sort of food do endocannabinoids produce a response?

A

pallatable foods (that we like)

41
Q

Other than feeding, what role do endocannabinoids play in the body?

A

memory inhibition - forgetting system (to eliminate unimportant things)

42
Q

What body chemical is related to pot?

A

endocannabinoids

43
Q

From where is CCK released?

A

gut

44
Q

What cells release leptin?

A

fat cells

45
Q

How does the amount of leptin in the blood relate to the amount of fat in the body?

A

more fat, more leptin (proportional)

46
Q

What does leptin do to feeding?

A

inhibits feeding

47
Q

What happens to a mouse’s feeding habits if it lacks leptin receptors?

A

over-eating

48
Q

What are 4 external factors that influence what we eat?

A

sight of food, smell of food, exposure to certain foods, cultural preferences

49
Q

How can visual or auditory cues trigger feeding?

A

get associated with food through classical conditioning (go to MacDonald’s, sugar levels rise, release insulin… eventually release insulin so feel hungry when just seeing MacDonald’s)

50
Q

What does someone usualy rely on to tell them if they are done eating?

A

appearance of food portions

51
Q

What does dieting increase the risk of?

A

eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa)

52
Q

What is a weight vs. height ratio called?

A

BMI

53
Q

What internal factor may play a role in obesity?

A

genes (ex: lack of leptin receptors)

54
Q

What does a BMI of 26-29.9 correspond to?

A

overweight

55
Q

What is the range of BMI for obesity?

A

> 30

56
Q

How does memory relate to feeding habits?

A

eat based on memory of when we last ate (so amnesics will eat 2nd or 3rd lunch)

57
Q

How do most women’s ideal body image relate to their self-image?

A

much smaller

58
Q

How do most men’s ideal body image relate to their self-image?

A

pretty similar

59
Q

What are two possible reasons for humans to have sex?

A

to propagate our species, for pleasure and enjoyment

60
Q

What is sexual behaviour?

A

actions that produce arousal and increase likelihood of orgasm

61
Q

What are the four phases of the human sexual response?

A

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

62
Q

In the human sexual response, what do men need that women do not?

A

refractory period (acter orgasm)

63
Q

What part of the brain is important in sexual behaviour?

A

hypothalamus

64
Q

What happens to the brian during orgasm?

A

certain brain regions deactivate

65
Q

What region(s) of the brain deactivates when men orgasm?

A

amygdala

66
Q

What region(s) of the brain deactivate when women orgasm?

A

amygdala and hippocampus

67
Q

What does testosterone play a role in?

A

sex drive (in both women and men)

68
Q

What are important in maintaining sex drive?

A

gonadal hormones

69
Q

How do most animals copulate?

A

a stereotyped way

70
Q

What do Lydig cells produce and where are they found?

A

testosterone; testes

71
Q

What effect does castration have on sex drive?

A

reduces it

72
Q

Does castration eliminate the ability to have sex?

A

no

73
Q

How can sex drive in a castrated male be restored?

A

injection of testosterone

74
Q

What part of the brain does testosterone work on?

A

medial preoptic area of hypothalamus

75
Q

What type of receptors does the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus have a lot of?

A

testosterone receptors

76
Q

What do lesions to the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus do to males?

A

abolish sexual behaviour/sex drive

77
Q

Other than sexual behaviour, what does the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus play a role in?

A

satiety

78
Q

What 2 classes of hormoens are broadly secreted from ovaries?

A

estrogen and progesterone

79
Q

In what species of females do ovariectomies abolish sexual behaviour?

A

non-human females

80
Q

The injection of what hormones restore sexual activity in non-human females without ovaries?

A

estrogen or estrogen and progesterone

81
Q

What area of the brain do estrogen and progesterone work on?

A

ventromedial area of hypothalamus

82
Q

In what gender do lesions of the ventromedial area absolish sexual behaviour?

A

females

83
Q

Are huma females more or less dependent on estrogen and progesterone than other animals?

A

less

84
Q

What is the growth of the testes dependendent on?

A

a gene on the Y chromosome

85
Q

What does testosterone do to the brain?

A

masculinizes the hypothalamus

86
Q

What effect does stress during pregnancy have on development?

A

less testosterone and less development of MPOA (medial preoptic area)

87
Q

What behaviour do male offspring from a stressful pregnancy show?

A

female-like sexual behaviour

88
Q

How do men and women differ in their attitude towards casual sex?

A

men have more positive attitudes

89
Q

What is one theory to describe gender differences regarding attitude towards casual sex?

A

parental investment theory (cost of sex is much greater for women than men)

90
Q

Is sex more costly for women or men and why?

A

women; pregnancy and lactation

91
Q

What is the problem with the meta-analysis on gender differences regarding casual sex?

A

doesn’t consider societal factors - like that women are often the target of sexual violence

92
Q

What are the standard 3 categories of sexual orientation?

A

heterosexual (opposite sex), homosexual (same sex), bisexual (both sexes)

93
Q

What influences sexual orientation?

A

both nature and nurture

DISP Psychology (6 decks)

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