Motivation and emotion Flashcards
Psychodynamic perspective on motivation
Freud stated humans motivated by two drives: sex and aggression. Contemporaries add self-esteem and relatedness. Motives are fears and wishes. There are conscious/ explicit and unconscious/ implicit motives.
Behaviourist perspective on motivation
Motivation is activated by needs. Drive reduction theory states deprivation of needs creates unpleasant state of tension that leads to action. If action reduces tension, it is reinforced. Hunger, thirst and sex are primary; secondary drives are originally neutral but learnt through association with drive reduction.
Evolutionary perspective on motivation
Earlier believed instincts with fixed patterns of behaviour were produced without learning. Contemporary theory adds inclusive fitness, natural selection favours organisms that foster the survival and reproduction of their kin, maximised through motives such as selecting and competing for mates, care for offspring and relations and survival. Drives are results of disruptions to homeostasis- state of internal equilibrium that body maintains. Homeostasis requires sensory mechanisms, response system and control centre.
Humanistic perspective on motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, basic needs must be met before higher levels become active. Physiological> safety> belongingness> esteem> self-actualisation. ERG theory in workplace is existence, relatedness and growth.
Cognitive perspective on motivation
People work towards goals established through social learning. Expectancy value theory motivation is function of value of outcome and belief it can be attained. Goal setting theory conscious goals that regulate much of human action. Self-determination theory people have innate needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness. Intrinsic motivation flourishes when these needs are met, which is genuine interest in task for enjoyment. Implicit motives activated and expressed outside of conscious awareness.
Incentive
Externally motivating stimulus, opposed to an internally needed state.
Incentive theory
Behaviours are more motivated by external stimulus or reward.
Psychosocial needs
Motives that lead people to strive for: mastery, power, self-esteem, affiliation and intimacy. Two clusters of needs across cultures are relatedness and agency.
Needs for relatedness
Motives for attachement, intimacy, and affiliation. Needs are psychosocial but failure to fullfill can be biologically detrimental.
Needs for achievment
Motives for power, competence, autonomy, self-esteem and to succeed or avoid failure. Influenced by cultural and economic conditions. Affects goals pursued, tasks attempted, extent of persistence.
Achievement goals
Performance approach goals (desire to meet social standard) performance avoidance goals (desire to avoid failure, particularly if publicly observed) mastery goals (desire to master a skill).
Behavioural activation system
Primed by signals of reward (Left prefrontal cortex, planning self regulation).
Behavioural inhibition system
Respond to potential pain/ punishment (limbic system and right prefrontal lobe).
Motivational conflict
Goals may conflict with each other BAS and BIS. Continually balance. Three basic types of conflict.
Approach-approach conflict
Two attractive alterations, selecting one means losing the other.
