Motivation and emotion Flashcards
Psychodynamic perspective on motivation
Freud stated humans motivated by two drives: sex and aggression. Contemporaries add self-esteem and relatedness. Motives are fears and wishes. There are conscious/ explicit and unconscious/ implicit motives.
Behaviourist perspective on motivation
Motivation is activated by needs. Drive reduction theory states deprivation of needs creates unpleasant state of tension that leads to action. If action reduces tension, it is reinforced. Hunger, thirst and sex are primary; secondary drives are originally neutral but learnt through association with drive reduction.
Evolutionary perspective on motivation
Earlier believed instincts with fixed patterns of behaviour were produced without learning. Contemporary theory adds inclusive fitness, natural selection favours organisms that foster the survival and reproduction of their kin, maximised through motives such as selecting and competing for mates, care for offspring and relations and survival. Drives are results of disruptions to homeostasis- state of internal equilibrium that body maintains. Homeostasis requires sensory mechanisms, response system and control centre.
Humanistic perspective on motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, basic needs must be met before higher levels become active. Physiological> safety> belongingness> esteem> self-actualisation. ERG theory in workplace is existence, relatedness and growth.
Cognitive perspective on motivation
People work towards goals established through social learning. Expectancy value theory motivation is function of value of outcome and belief it can be attained. Goal setting theory conscious goals that regulate much of human action. Self-determination theory people have innate needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness. Intrinsic motivation flourishes when these needs are met, which is genuine interest in task for enjoyment. Implicit motives activated and expressed outside of conscious awareness.
Incentive
Externally motivating stimulus, opposed to an internally needed state.
Incentive theory
Behaviours are more motivated by external stimulus or reward.
Psychosocial needs
Motives that lead people to strive for: mastery, power, self-esteem, affiliation and intimacy. Two clusters of needs across cultures are relatedness and agency.
Needs for relatedness
Motives for attachement, intimacy, and affiliation. Needs are psychosocial but failure to fullfill can be biologically detrimental.
Needs for achievment
Motives for power, competence, autonomy, self-esteem and to succeed or avoid failure. Influenced by cultural and economic conditions. Affects goals pursued, tasks attempted, extent of persistence.
Achievement goals
Performance approach goals (desire to meet social standard) performance avoidance goals (desire to avoid failure, particularly if publicly observed) mastery goals (desire to master a skill).
Behavioural activation system
Primed by signals of reward (Left prefrontal cortex, planning self regulation).
Behavioural inhibition system
Respond to potential pain/ punishment (limbic system and right prefrontal lobe).
Motivational conflict
Goals may conflict with each other BAS and BIS. Continually balance. Three basic types of conflict.
Approach-approach conflict
Two attractive alterations, selecting one means losing the other.
Approach-avoidance conflict
Attracted and repelled by same goal.
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Choosing between two undesirable alternatives.
Maximum point of conflict
Approach and avoidance tendencies grow stronger as goals approaches. Avoidance tendencies grow faster. May be attracted to and slightly repelled at first, repelled more getting closer to goal. Causes stop, retreat and approach again behaviour.
Arousal theory
Human motivation seeks an optimum level of arousal and not to eliminate it. This level differs between individuals. Easy/well-practiced tasks performed better at high arousal (knowledgeable before exam/ expert in front of crowd). Difficult/ unfamiliar tasks performed better at lower arousal (extra time to study new subject/ at home alone for new skill).
Psychodynamic perspective on emotion
People can be unconscious of emotional experience and it can influence thought, behaviour and health.
Behaviourist perspective on emotion
Approach and avoidance systems associated with positive and negative affect.
Evolutionary perspective on emotion
Emotions serve adaptive purpose to communicate and motivate.
Cognitive perspective on emotion
Emotion is an interpretation of physiological arousal. Cognitive appraisals influence emotion. Schachter-Singer theory: Emotion involves two factors, physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of the arousal. Mood and emotion can affect thought and memory.
Attributions
Influences about causes of thoughts, feelings and behaviour.
Plutchik’s theory
Eight basic emotions in pairs: joy and sadness, trust and disgust, fear and anger, surprise and anticipation. Other emotions derive from these emotions. Emotions are not just subjective experiences, also have behavioural and physiological aspects. Thoughts and interpretations of situations shape, trigger, and determine length and intensity of emotional experience.
James-Lang theory
Conscious experience of emotions results from perception of autonomic arousal or emotion is awareness to physiological responses.
Cannon-Bard theory
Body and thought are simultaneous. Physiological arousal can occur without emotion. Visceral changes are too slow to precede emotion.
Four features of emotional states
Emotions are triggered by internal or external stimuli. Emotional responses result from our appraisals of these stimuli, our bodies respond physiologically to our appraisals, emotions include behaviour tendencies.
Biological cause of emotions
Emotions are controlled throughout the nervous system. The hypothalamus activates sympathetic and endocrine responses. The limbic system, particularly the amygdala, evaluates the emotional significance of a stimulus. Also detects other people’s emotions.
Emotional reaction
Two pathways. Quick response on a circuit running from thalamus to amygdala and slower response with cognitive appraisal from thalamus to cortex to amygdala. Both circuits has amygdala passing information to hypothalamus to regulate autonomic responses. Cortex interpets events and translates emotional reactions into socially desirable behaviours.
