Motivation

Question 1

How does Sage define motivation?

Answer 1

‘The internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour.’ (Sage, 1977)

Question 2

When did Sage define motivation?

Answer 2

1977

Question 3

Who defined motivation as ‘The internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour.’

Answer 3

Sage (1977)

Question 4

Describe a recent definition of motivation.

Answer 4

“…the direction and intensity of effort.” (Weinberg, 2009, p.7)
“Motivation is the inclination to pursue and persist in activities related to one’s sport.” (Walker, Foster, Daubert, Nathan, 2005, p.5)

Question 5

How does Weinberg define motivation?

Answer 5

“…the direction and intensity of effort.” (2009)

Question 6

When did Weinberg define motivation?

Answer 6

2009

Question 7

Describe motives and some of their features.

Answer 7

Motives are reasons for doing things
They are relatively stable
Acting at the same time (+ve and -ve)

Question 8

What is intrinsic motivation?

Give an example.

Answer 8

A desire to complete a task for oneself where no outside factors influence or motivate the person to participate.

Question 9

What is extrinsic motivation?

Give an example.

Answer 9

Outside reward for completion of task.

Question 10

What is the achievement goal theory?

Answer 10

.

Question 11

Define autonomy.

Answer 11

.

Question 12

Define self-relatedness

Answer 12

.

Question 13

Define competence.

Answer 13

.

Question 14

What is achievement motivation?

Answer 14

.

Question 15

Describe the achievement goal theory.

Answer 15

.

Question 16

Describe the attribution theory.

Answer 16

.

Question 17

Suggest five motivators.

Answer 17

Fun - enjoyment, pleasure, psychological benefits.

Affiliation -social experience, friendship, significant others.

Competence - personal challenge, skill acquisition.

Fitness - health, weightless, strength, improve appearance.

Success - competition or personal accomplishment.

Question 18

What strengthens intrinsic motivation?

Answer 18

Positive feelings, self confidence and competence.

Question 19

What are the three levels of extrinsic motivation?

Answer 19

External regulation – action influenced by outcomes

Introjection – source of motivation has been internalised so anxiety or fear of embarrassment regulate behaviour

Identification – realise that a certain behaviour is valuable

Question 20

Who proposed the three levels of extrinsic motivation and when?

Answer 20

Ryan, Connell & Grolnick (1990)

Question 21

What are the three approaches to motivation?

Answer 21

Trait-centred view
Motivated behaviour is primarily a function of individual characteristics

Situation-centred view
Motivation level is determined primarily by situation (+ve and –ve environments)

Interactional View
Motivation results neither solely from participant factors nor from situational factors, but how they interact

Question 22

What is a trait-centred view to motivation?

Answer 22

Motivated behaviour is primarily a function of individual characteristics

Question 23

What is a situation-centred view to motivation?

Answer 23

Motivation level is determined primarily by situation (+ve and –ve environments)

Question 24

What is an interactional view to motivation?

Answer 24

Motivation results neither solely from participant factors nor from situational factors, but how they interact

Question 25

What is self-efficacy?

Answer 25

.

Question 26

What will happen when a person performing for the sheer fun of it is given an external reward? (Deci, 1971)

Answer 26

Their motivation decreases.

Question 27

What is the competence motivation theory?

Answer 27

.

Question 28

What are Nicholl’s two achievement goals? (1984;1989)

Answer 28

Task and ego

Question 29

What is the motivational climate?

Answer 29

The behaviour and attitudes exhibited by important others in a particular situation

Question 30

What factors determine whether a person is task or ego goal orientated?

Answer 30

Dispositional orientation and motivational climate.