Motivation

Question 1

Herzberg 2 factor theory is a __________ _________ of motivation

Answer 1

content theory

Question 2

Two factors Herzberg considered are…….

Answer 2

hygiene factors and motivators

Question 3

Hygiene factors are factors that when they are present……

Answer 3

prevent disatisfaction

Question 4

Motivators are factors that when present lead to…..

Answer 4

satisfaction

Question 5

Expectancy theory is a ___________ theory of motivation.

Answer 5

process

Question 6

Process theories of motivation describes peoples _________ process to decision making that help direct subsequent behaviour.

Answer 6

cognitive

Question 7

Vrooms expectancy theory is sometimes referred to as ______ which stands for ___________,___________and_______

Answer 7

Valance,Instrumentality and expectancy

Question 8

Valance refers to

Answer 8

the value of the outcome to the individual (reward) could be positive or negative

Question 9

Instrumentality is measurement of the association between ______ and _________

Answer 9

performance and reward.

Question 10

Expectancy is the individuals subjective assessment that an effort will lead to _______________ ____________ and that this will lead to a first order outcome. i.e. raise

Answer 10

job performance

Question 11

The ________ of the potential reward, the __________ of the performance linked to the rewards, and the _________ of achieving the reward determine the level of ________.

Answer 11

Valance, Instrumentality, expectancy, effort.

Question 12

The consequences of individual behaviours are called…..

Answer 12

outcomes.

Question 13

Expectancy theory is hard to visualize because it involves an individuals cognitive assessment of…..

Answer 13

if I do this I will get that

Question 14

Reinforcement is a ____________ theory of motivation.

Answer 14

Environmental

Question 15

Mitivational factors are often viewed as _________ while hygiene factors are _____________.

Answer 15

intrinsic

extrinsic

Question 16

Reinforcement is a ____________ theory of motivation.

Answer 16

Environmental

Question 17

Environmental theories of motivation describe how we ________ ____________ that we later use.

Answer 17

acquire knowledge

Question 18

Reinforcement theory states that we learn to ___________ ___________ that is rewarded and ___________ _________ that is punished.

Answer 18

express behaviour

avoid behaviour

Question 19

Our behaviour is influenced by its _______________ and we learn from the environment acting …….

Answer 19

consequences

directly on us

Question 20

Reinforcement theories describe motivation largely in relation to ________ ____________.

Answer 20

external factors

Question 21

Peoples experiences with past situations….

Answer 21

dictates and guides future behaviour.

Question 22

Process and content theories differ from reinforcement theory as they consider motivation a function of either __________ _________ or __________ ____________.

Answer 22

internal needs or

internal cognition

Question 23

Reinforcement theory is also known as

Answer 23

operant conditioning

Question 24

BF Skinner stated behaviour is a_____________ of its ________.

Answer 24

function
consequences

Question 25

Contingent rewards are distributed based…

Answer 25

on a specific preceding behaviour. (most sales wins a trip)

Question 26

Non contingent rewards are….

Answer 26

not linked to any specific behaviour.

Question 27

Reinforcement is the process of using…

Answer 27

contingent rewards to increase occurrences of a specific behaviour.

Question 28

Positive reinforcement occurs when _____________ consequences (reward) is applied to _____________ behaviour

Answer 28

positive/positive

Question 29

Negative reinforcement occurs when a _________ consequence is withdrawn after a desired behaviour

Answer 29

unpleasant (mgr criticizing for not making quota0

Question 30

Punishment is the process of administering an ________ ________ for an ___________ ____________.

Answer 30

undesirable consequence for an undesirable behaviour.

Question 31

Punishment should be ___________ ___________ __________ and _________ and should provide an ______

Answer 31

swift intense impersonal consistent

alternative

Question 32

Extinction is the ____________ __________ of a behaviour

Answer 32

non reinforcement IE not laughing at off coloured jokes

Question 33

If behaviour is unrewarded it will _______________over time

Answer 33

diminish

Question 34

To be effective positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and extinction must be applied on a ________ basis

Answer 34

contingent

Question 35

Social learning is an ___________ ____________ of motivation.

Answer 35

environmental theory

Question 36

Motivation is a set of forces that initiate behavior and determine its

Answer 36

Form, direction, intensity and duration

Question 37

Douglas McGregor’s xy theory indicated that theory X believes

Answer 37

Workers are passive or lazy in need direction and control thus workers need external management through use of force, persuasion, reward and punishment

Question 38

Douglas McGregor’ theory y believes

Answer 38

Workers are eager to learn, Responsible and creative

Question 39

There are three basic types of motivational theories

Answer 39

1. Content theory (Maslow, Alderfers ERG, Herzberg and MacLelland
2. Process theory
3. environmental theory

Question 40

Content theories(need to theories) are based on the idea that people are driven to meet

Answer 40

Basic needs that produce satisfaction when they’re met

Question 41

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs indicated that behavior is triggered by an needs deficit. Maslow had five levels of needs

Answer 41

1. Physiological-food sleep physical movement
2. Safety-freedom from fear, harm stability and predictability
3. Social-friendship, love, camaraderie and teamwork
4. Self-esteem-status, reputation
5. Self actualization-fulfillment of human potential and personal growth

Question 42

Alderfers ERG theory…the ERG stood for….

Answer 42

E-existence—-Basic need for survival food shelter clothing
R-relatedness—–needs that are part of building and maintaining social relationships
G-growth—-intrinsic desire for knowledge, creativity and ability to learn new and different things

Question 43

Frustration regression describes a situation where you find yourself unable….

Answer 43

To satisfy I need an in reaction regressed to a lower need

Question 44

McClelland’s learned needs theory identified three dominant needs

Answer 44

1. Need for achievement
2. Need for affiliation
3. Need for power

Question 45

Equity theory concerns the worker’s perception of how they’re being treated it is a

Answer 45

Comparison of one’s rewards and efforts compared to another’s

Question 46

Alberta Bonduras theory of social learning indicated that behavior is a function of observing the success of other people then doing what worked for them. It is learning from watching. For aspects of social learning are

Answer 46

1. Attention-observing the behavior people use and successful completion of work
2. Retention-remembering behaviors to use at appropriate times
3. Reproduction-using store behavior when needed for successful completion of task
4. Motivation-receiving a reward or recognition for the accomplishment of task

Question 47

Goalsetting is an applied motivational theory indicates people who set goals outperform those who don’t . Goals help

Answer 47

1. Direct attention and action
2. Mobilize efforts
3. Create persistent effort over time
4. Lead to strategies for goal attainment

Question 48

Goal difficulty-difficult but attainable goals lead to

Answer 48

Higher performance