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Psychology Year 2 > Motivation 1 > Flashcards

Motivation 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an instinct?

A

An innate automatic, and unlearned response activated by stimuli in the environment.

Disposition towards responding in a particular way when confronted with a specific stimulus.

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2
Q

Which theory explains behaviour as motivated by instincts?

A

Instinct theory

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3
Q

State one problem with instinct theory

A

It cannot explain learned (secondary) motivations e.g. avoiding exam situations.

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4
Q

List the five needs in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A 
Physiological needs
Safety and security
Love and belonging
Self-esteem
Self-actualisation
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5
Q

Is this statement true or false?

“Research shows that only the 2 lowest needs on Maslow’s hierarchy are hierarchical”

A

True

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6
Q

Humans are ______________ at any on time by a __________ ________ of needs.

A

Complex ; array

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7
Q

Which theory suggests that the aim of motivation is to maintain an optimum level of arousal (state of alertness, mental or physical activation)

A

Arousal theory

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8
Q

True or false?

“There are individual differences in arousal levels”

A

True

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9
Q

What does the Yerkes-Dodson law (1908) suggest?

A

At low arousal we are able to complex tasks

At high arousal we are able to do simple tasks

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10
Q

What is the Reticular Activating System?

A

A structure that extends from the medulla to the forebrain

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11
Q

What does the Reticular Activating System do?

A

It controls motor areas in the spinal cord and selectively increases arousal and attention in various cortical areas.

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12
Q

Briefly outline ‘Drive-reduction theory’

A

A drive is an unpleasant state of arousal or tension caused by a need.

The drive impels the organism to engage in behaviour that will satisfy the need and reduce the tension.

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13
Q

Outline the link between drive-reduction and homeostasis

A

When there is a deviation from the normal value or set point, the corrective action to return to the normal value is associated with motivation (instinct, drive).

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14
Q

Which two neural mechanisms are involved in homeostasis maintenance?

A

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

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15
Q

Define “Alliesthesia”

A

Pleasure/displeasure of local skin temperature is a function of the internal state

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16
Q

True or false?

“Motivations have nothing to do with affect.”

A

False!

Motivations are associated with hedonic (affective) states
E.g. Positive motivations are associated with a positive affect (pleasure)

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17
Q

Which test was performed on animals to indicate their physiological state of motivation?

A

Taste reactivity test

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18
Q

What do incentive theories suggest about motivations?

A

They suggest that motivations have appetitive and consummatory phases.

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19
Q

What is involved in the appetitive phase in incentive theories?

A
  • Means necessary to get to an end situation/goal
  • Wanting
  • Incentive
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20
Q

What is involved in the consummatory phase of incentive theories?

A 
What the animal/human does in the end situation
Liking
Reward (avoid punishment)
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21
Q

According to incentive theory, motivations have __________ and ____________ phases.

A

Appetitive; consummatory

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22
Q

In the appetitive phase of incentive theories what is the incentive?

A

The incentive is an attraction/pull towards a reward.

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23
Q

What type of conditioning is involved in incentive theories?

A

Classical conditioning

  • This happens between external stimuli and primary incentives such as food, water etc.
  • Result = learned incentives
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24
Q

The consummatory phase involves more stereotypic behaviours in non-humans. Give two examples of stereotypic behaviour.

A

Eating ; mating

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25
Q

What is a reward in incentive theory

A

Contact with something that is regarded as positive.

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26
Q

What alters over time and can be assessed by time of contact with the reward.

A

Reward value

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27
Q

What is aversion in incentive theory?

A

Aversion is something from which the animal withdraws and subsequently avoids.

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28
Q

Describe what happens in the Mesolimbic dopamine pathway during the appetitive phase.

A

When this pathway is activated by a particular incentive, the animal tends to approach this incentive.

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29
Q

What four brain areas are involved in the Mesolimbic dopamine pathway?

A
  • Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
  • Nucleus accumbens (part of the ventral striatum)
  • Amygdala
  • Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC)
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30
Q

Which brain area is involved in learning about the conditional significance of a positive/negative event?

A

Amygdala

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31
Q

Describe research by Olds and Milner regarding the Intracranial self stimulation (ICSS).

A

Electrodes were implanted into the rat’s brain. By pressing a level, the rat was able to deliver electrical stimulation to the brain area that the electrode was in. When the electrode was placed close to dopaminergic axons coming from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) there was excessive lever pressing.

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32
Q

Describe the function of the nucleus accumbens.

A

It is the interface in which information of motivational significance is:

  • Computed
  • Transmitted to process that organise behaviour (motor control)
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33
Q

In the consummatory phase what is reward linked to?

A

Liking

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34
Q

Which system in the body is linked with the reward system?

A

The Opioid system

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35
Q

What did research by Rideout & Parker (1996) find concerning the reward system.

A

In a taste reactivity test the response was more positive after an opioid agonist injection.

36
Q

What did research by Moles et al. (2004) find concerning the reward system?

A

Loss of the opioid systems reduces the reward of social contact.

37
Q

Outline the individual difference of impulsiveness in motivation theories

A

Impulsiveness is the tendency to choose immediate reward influenced by the nearness of the reward.

38
Q

The tendency to choose delayed rewards, influenced by the nearness of the reward is the individual difference of ____________

A

Self-control

39
Q

Describe some benefits of self-control.

A
  • Higher grades
  • Less alcohol abuse
  • Better adjustments
  • Better interpersonal relations
40
Q

Describe individual differences in development.

A

In the marshmallow test (children at age 4 begin to control drive for immediate reward and develop delay of gratification).

41
Q

What has brain imaging research found concerning individual differences.

A

Brain imaging research suggests that there is a link between activation of reward regions of the brain and extraversion scores.

42
Q

What word is used to describe ‘an internal state or condition that directs behaviour’

A

Motivation

43
Q

Motives are….

A

One’s needs or desires

44
Q

What are the 4 basic principles of drug addiction?

A

Reward
Tolerance
Incentive learning
Withdrawal

45
Q

Describe the effects of heroin, nicotine and cocaine in dopamine in the brain.

A

Heroin and nicotine: increased dopamine release
Cocaine: increased efficiency of dopamine in the forebrain
-> Drug seeking behaviour : Wanting

46
Q

What is drug tolerance?

A

A shift in the dose-response curve to the right so:
🔹In tolerant individuals, the same dose has less effect
🔹In tolerant individuals, a greater dose is required to produce the same effect.

47
Q

What does drug exposure lead to?

A

The development of adaptive neural changes that produce tolerance by counteracting the drug effect.

48
Q

What happens during drug withdrawal?

A

With no drug to counteract them, the neural adaptations produce withdrawal effects opposite to the effects of the drug.

49
Q

Suggest 3 common causes of relapse

A

Stress
Drug related cues
Social/environmental cues

50
Q

Which brain areas do drugs interact with?

A

Many drugs act on the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens

51
Q

What occurs in the Amygdala of drug addicts?

A

There is a heightened Amygdala response to drug-related cues (Bechara et al., 2005)

52
Q

What are the general effects of stimulants?

A

🔸Excitement, alertness, activity and mood increase

🔸Fatigue decreases

53
Q

What effect do low doses of drugs have on attention?

A

Attention increases

54
Q

What effect do high doses of drugs have on attention and learning?

A

Attention and learning decrease

55
Q

Decreased energy and motivation along with an increase in depression are effects of _____________ from stimulants.

A

Withdrawal

56
Q

State one long term effect of stimulant drugs

A

Attention all problems even 1 year after quitting (Toomey et al. 2003)

57
Q

Attention, elevation and reduced tension are the effects of which drug?

A

Nicotine

58
Q

List 3 withdrawal effects of Nicotine

A

Enhanced tension

Distract able

59
Q

Increased sensitivity of Nicotine ACh to nicotine and a decreased response to other reinforcers is a result of __________ __________ .

A

Repeated exposure

60
Q

What does stimulation of the nicotinic ACh receptors on dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area lead to?

A

Enhanced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens

61
Q

Morphine, Heroine and Methadone are 3 examples of _________

A

Opiates

62
Q

What are 3 drug effects of opiates?

A

Relaxing
Reduced attention to real-world problems
Reduced sensitivity to pain

63
Q

Name one Cannabioid

A

Marijuana

64
Q

Increased sensory experience and an illusion that time has slowed are drug effects of _____________

A

Cannabioid

65
Q

What are the effects of cannabioids on new and heavy users?

A

Memory and cognitive impairments

66
Q

What occurs after 4 weeks after abstinence from cannabioids?

A

Memory improvements

67
Q

The medical use of cannabioids results in __________ pain, __________ nausea, ___________ appetite and combate glaucoma (eye disease).

A

Decreased; decreased; increased

68
Q

Describe the effect of the active component THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) on Cannabioid receptors.

A

Body-produced anadamide and 2-AG are released. These stop pre-synaptic GABA (inhibitory) and Glutamate (excitatory) neurons.
There is also a THC indirect release of dopamine in NAcc (ventral striatum).

69
Q

What is the active ingredient in marijuana?

A

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)

70
Q

What does THC do in the brain?

A

It attaches to Cannabioid receptors on nerve cells in the brain, and affects the way those cells work.

71
Q

Where are Cannabioid receptors abundant?

A 
In parts of the brain that regulate:
Movement
Coordination
Learning and memory
Higher cognitive functions (e.g. Judgement and pleasure)
72
Q

Which part of the brain controls appetite, hormonal levels and sexual behaviour?

A

Hypothalamus

73
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in motor control and planning, as well as the initiation and termination of action?

A

Basal Ganglia

74
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in the prediction and feeling of reward?

A

Ventral Striatum

75
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for anxiety, emotion and fear?

A

Amygdala

76
Q

Which part of the brain is important in the vomiting reflex and the sensation of pain?

A

Brain stem and spinal cord

77
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for higher cognitive functions and the integration of sensory information?

A

Neocortex

78
Q

Which part of the brain is important for memory and the learning of facts sequences and places.

A

Hippocampus

79
Q

Which part of the brain is the centre for motor control and coordination?

A

Cerebellum

80
Q

LSD is a hallucinogenic drug. Name one drug effect of this drug?

A

Distorted sensations

81
Q

Name a long-term effect of LSD

A

Some people develop schizophrenia

82
Q

What chemical is LSD similar to?

A

Serotonin

83
Q

Name two drug effects of moderate amounts of alcohol.

A

Relaxing

Decrease in anxiety

84
Q

Name two withdrawal effects of alcohol.

A

Hangover

Increase in anxiety

85
Q

Decreased brain activity (increase in GABAa and decrease in Glutamate)
Decreased activity of brain areas responsible for risky behaviour inhibition
Increase in dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

These three neuronal effects are caused by which drug?

A

Alcohol

86
Q

What are the five major motivation theories?

A 
Instinct theories
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs
Arousal theory
Drive-reduction theory
Incentive theory

Psychology Year 2 (1 decks)

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