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Physics > Motion, Forces, and Energy > Flashcards

Motion, Forces, and Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the gradient of a distance time graph show?

A

The gradient represents the 𝘀𝗽𝗲𝗲𝗱 of the object.

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2
Q

Impulse formula

A

ΔP = FΔt
Change of momentum (kgm/s) = Force (N) x time of collision (s)

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3
Q

Newton’s Second Law (and the force formula)

A

F = ma
Force (N) = Mass (kg) x Acceleration (m/s²)

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4
Q

The center of mass must be _______ the base of the object (at least the outermost edges of the base) in order to not fall over

A

Inside

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5
Q

Centi (c)

A

Divide by 100

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6
Q

Kilo (k)

A

x1000

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7
Q

Elastic collision

A

Kinetic energy + momentum are fully conserved (if not told otherwise, assume this is the case)
Momentum is conserved –> Total momentum before and after collision are equal

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8
Q

What is a moment/torque? (what it is not the formula)

A

The turning effect of an object around a pivot point.

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9
Q

Sankey Diagrams

A

Used to show energy transfers while also giving an indication of how much energy is transferred at each step. Useful energy carries on, waste goes down. Length doesn’t matter but thickness does.

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10
Q

Density Formula

A

P =m/v
Density (g/ml) = Mass (g) / Volume (ml)
NOTE: Sometimes the units may vary. Always check the question!

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11
Q

What is friction and what does it do?

A

Friction slows things down - solid friction is the force between 2 surfaces which may impede motion and produces heat. Higher mass means higher friction, and it always acts in the opposite direction.

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12
Q

Acceleration Formula

A

a = Δv/Δt
Acceleration (m/s²) = Change in velocity (but it might also be speed sometimes) (m/s)/change in time (s)

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13
Q

Energy Definition

A

Energy is the ability to do work.

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14
Q

Circular motion

A

F = mv²/r (don’t worry about it though)
1. An object moving in a circle at a constant speed is constantly accelerating bc the direction is always changing.
2. The force is perpendicular towards the direction of motion and goes towards the center.
3. More force needed if objects mass increases, velocity increases, or radius of circle decreases

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15
Q

Work Formula

A

W = Fd
Work (J) = Force (N) x Distance (m)
NOT DISPLACEMENT

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16
Q

What does the gradient of a spring constant graph show?

A

The spring constant

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17
Q

Some of the units of measurement are names, and their abbreviations (eg m for meters) need to be capitalized. These are…

A

Pascals (Pa), Newtons (N), Joules (J), Watts (W)

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18
Q

Impulse definition (not formula)

A

Impulse describes a change in the momentum of an object and the forces involved during that change.

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19
Q

Pressure definition and formula

A

Pressure is a measure of force per area
P = F/a
Pressure (Pa for Pascals - essentially N/m²) = Force (N) / Area (m²)

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20
Q

Steps to generate electricity

A
  1. Boiler - uses heat from burning fuels to boil water into steam (sometimes this step is skipped)
  2. Turbine - The steam turns the turbine (or something else turns it) - it turns into rotational kinetic energy
  3. Generator - Consists of 1+ coils of wire that rotate in a magnetic field to produce an electrical current.
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21
Q

Displacement

A

Distance and direction from the starting location (how far away you are - if you walk in a big circle your displacement is 0)

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22
Q

Wind and Wave energy

A

Renewable energy - high to low pressure. Uses windmills for wind and devices (?) for waves.

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23
Q

How do springs in series behave?

A

They behave like 1 spring with a lower spring constant (x2 extension for 2 springs, x3 extension for 3, etc)

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24
Q

Solar Energy

A

Solar panels take sunlight and turn it into electrical energy

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25
Q

Speed Formula

A

V = s/t
Speed(m/s) = Distance(m)/Time(s)

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26
Q

Acceleration due to gravity (in m/s²)

A

9.81 (9.8 is also okay - sometimes the question will even give it as 10)

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27
Q

Velocity Formula

A

V = d/t
Velocity(m/s and direction) = Displacement (m and a direction)/Time(s)

28
Q

Giga (G)

A

x1,000,000,000

29
Q

What does a flat line on a speed time graph show?

A

Constant speed (unless the speed is at 0, in which case the object is stationary)

30
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

If no forces are acting upon them, objects at rest tend to stay at rest and objects in motion tend to stay in motion.

31
Q

What does the area under the graph line of a speed time graph show?

A

Distance Travelled (find the area of the shapes and add them up)

32
Q

Hydropower

A

Uses energy of flowing water to turn the turbine - eliminates boiler.

33
Q

Momentum Formula

A

P = mv
Momentum (kgm/s) = Mass (kg) x Velocity (m/s)

34
Q

Gravitational Potential energy definition

A

Energy stored when an object is raised to a height within a gravitational field

35
Q

Inelastic collision

A

Kinetic energy + momentum aren’t conserved because some is lost to heat or sound or something else

36
Q

Conservation of Energy (Kinetic and Potential energy)

A

Potential energy = kinetic energy

37
Q

With regards to spring constant, the relationship between force and extension is ___ proportional.

A

Directly

38
Q

Kinetic energy formula

A

Ek = 1/2mv²
Ek - Kinetic energy (joules or J (CAPITAL LETTER))
m - mass (kg)
v - speed (m/s)

39
Q

Weight Formula

A

Fg = mg
Force due to gravity (N) = Mass (kg) x Acceleration due to gravity (9.8m/s²)
NOTE: Sometimes the question will tell you to use a different number for gravity - read carefully.

40
Q

Nuclear Energy

A

Nuclear to thermal to kinetic to mechanical to electrical - uses fission or fusion

41
Q

Law of Conservation of Energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one store to another - however, sometimes the change has such a tiny effect that it’s negligible.

42
Q

Work Definition (not formula)

A

Work is the transfer of energy / when energy transfers

43
Q

Hooke’s Law/Spring Constant formula

A

K = F/x
Spring constant (N/m) = Force (N) / Extention (m)

44
Q

Fossil Fuels (characteristics, how to use)

A

Not renewable, common, cheap - these are burned and are terrible for the environment. Made of fossilized animals and plants

45
Q

Limit of proportionality

A

The point where the spring is as stretched out as it gets and will still go back into place - after this point, the spring will be deformed or broken.

46
Q

Kinetic energy definition

A

The energy of moving objects

47
Q

Power Definition (not formula)

A

Power is the rate at which work is done/the rate of energy transfer

48
Q

Equilibrium (when talking about torques)

A

Turning force one way is balanced the other way (180 Nm clockwise, 180 Nm counterclockwise)

49
Q

Power Formula

A

P = W/t or P = ΔE/t
Power (W for Watts - equal to J/s) = Work or Change in Energy (J) / Time (s)

50
Q

How do springs in parallel behave?

A

They behave like a single spring with a greater spring constant (x2 for 2 springs, x3 for 3, etc)

51
Q

Support Force

A

A force that completely balances the weight of an object at rest (how the chair supports the person sitting in it - it doesn’t always have to equal the weight force though)

52
Q

Moment/Torque Formula

A

T = Fd
Torque/moment (Nm) = Force (N) x Distance (m)

53
Q

Mega (M)

A

x1,000,000

54
Q

Milli (m)

A

Divide by 1000

55
Q

Energy Transfers

A

Mechanical (forces), Electrical, Heating, Waves (electromagnetic, sound, light, etc)

56
Q

Biofuel

A

Burning of renewable feedstocks rather than fossil fuels (eg corn)

57
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

58
Q

What does a flat line on a distance time graph show?

A

Stationary, object at rest

59
Q

Vector

A

A vector is a physical quantity that has both 𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗶𝘁𝘂𝘁𝗲 and 𝗱𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻

60
Q

Scalar

A

A scalar is a physical quantity that has 𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗶𝘁𝘂𝗱𝗲 but 𝗻𝗼 𝗱𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻.

61
Q

What does the gradient of a speed time graph show?

A

The gradient represents the 𝗮𝗰𝗰𝗲𝗹𝗲𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 of the object

62
Q

Efficiency Formula

A

Efficiency = (Useful energy/total energy) x 100 (for a percentage)

63
Q

Resultant/Net force

A

All of the forces acting on an object combined to produce a single force with the same effect
(If there is a 200N force acting upwards and a 150N force acting downwards, then the resultant force would be 50N upwards)

64
Q

Liquid pressure formula

A

P = Δhpg
Pressure (Pa) = height of liquid above object/depth (m) x density of liquid (kg/m³ - for water it’s 1000) x gravitational field strength (m/s² - 9.8 N/kg or m/s² for Earth)

65
Q

Energy Stores

A

Kinetic, Gravitational Potential, Thermal (internal kinetic), Electrostatic, Elastic potential, Sound, Chemical potential, Nuclear, Magnetic (not on syllabus but Mr. Gardiner said so)

66
Q

Gravitational potential (potential energy) Formula

A

Ep = mgΔh
Ep - Gravitational Potential (J (CAPITAL J)
m - mass (kg)
g - acceleration due to gravity (9.8 or 9.81 or 10 - it will either tell you what it is or you can just assume it’s on earth)
Δh - change in height, that being the distance up from where it started

Physics (3 decks)

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