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Physics > Motion, Forces And Conservation Of Energy > Flashcards

Motion, Forces And Conservation Of Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vector quantity

A

A magnitude and a direction

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2
Q

Give examples of vector quantities

A

Weight, momentum, force, velocity, displacement, acceleration etc.

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3
Q

What is a scalar quantity

A

A magnitude and no direction

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4
Q

Give examples of scalar quantities

A

Mass, distance, speed, energy, temperature, time etc.

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5
Q

What is distance

A

How far an object has moved

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6
Q

What is displacement

A

The distance and direction in a straight line from an object’s starting point to its finishing point

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7
Q

What is speed

A

How fast you’re going with no regard to the direction

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8
Q

What is velocity

A

Speed in a given direction

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9
Q

What is the equation involving distance travelled, speed and time

A

d
——-
s x t

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10
Q

What is the typical speed for walking

A

1.4 m/s

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11
Q

What is the typical speed for running

A

3 m/s

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12
Q

What is the typical speed for cycling

A

5.5 m/s

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13
Q

What is the typical speed for cars in a built up area

A

13 m/s

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14
Q

What is the typical speed for cars on a motorway

A

31 m/s

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15
Q

What is the typical speed for trains

A

Up to 55 m/s

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16
Q

What is the typical speed for aeroplanes

A

250 m/s

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17
Q

What is the typical speed for ferries

A

15 m/s

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18
Q

What is the typical wind speed

A

5-20 m/s

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19
Q

What is the typical speed of sound in air

A

340 m/s

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20
Q

What is acceleration

A

The change in velocity in a certain amount of time

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21
Q

What is the equation for acceleration

A

a = (v - u)
———
t

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22
Q

What does v stand for

A

Initial velocity

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23
Q

What does u stand for

A

Final velocity

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24
Q

What is constant acceleration also called

A

Uniform acceleration

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25
Q

What does the gradient on a distance time graph show

A

The speed of an object

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26
Q

What do the flat sections on a distance time graph show

A

Where it’s stopped

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27
Q

What does a steeper distance time graph mean

A

It’s going faster

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28
Q

What do curves in a distance time graph show

A

It’s acceleration

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29
Q

What does a curve getting steeper in a distance time graph show

A

It is speeding up

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30
Q

What does a levelling off curve in a distance time graph mean

A

It is slowing down

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31
Q

What is the equation for speed on a distance time graph

A

Speed = gradient = change in the vertical / change in the horizontal

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32
Q

What do flat sections in a velocity time graph represent

A

A steady speed

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33
Q

What does a steeper velocity time graph mean

A

The greater the acceleration or deceleration

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34
Q

What are uphill sections (/) in a velocity time graph

A

Acceleration

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35
Q

What are downhill sections () in a velocity time graph

A

Deceleration

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36
Q

What do curves mean in a velocity time graph

A

Changing acceleration

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37
Q

What is newton’s first law

A

If the resultant force on a stationary object is zero, the object will remain stationary. If the resultant force on a moving object is zero, it’ll just carry on moving at the same velocity

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38
Q

What does a non-zero resultant force produce

A

Acceleration or deceleration

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39
Q

What are the 5 forms of acceleration

A

Starting, stopping, speeding up, slowing down, changing direction

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40
Q

What is newton’s second law

A

The larger the resultant force acting on an object, the more the object accelerates - the force and the acceleration are directly proportional.
Acceleration is also inversely proportional to the mass of an object - so an object with a larger mass will accelerate less than one with a smaller mass

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41
Q

What is the formula to show Newton’s second law

A

F = m x a

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42
Q

What does F stand for

A

Resultant force

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43
Q

Why can large decelerations cause injuries

A

Because large deceleration requires a large force

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44
Q

What safety features in a car increase collision times

A

Crumple zones, seat belts, air bags

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45
Q

What is mass

A

The amount of ‘stuff’ in an object

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46
Q

What is weight

A

The force acting on an object due to gravity

47
Q

What is weight measured in

A

Newtons

48
Q

What is mass measured in

A

Kilograms

49
Q

How is weight measured

A

With a newton meter

50
Q

How is mass measured

A

With a mass balance

51
Q

What is the formula for weight

A

Weight = mass x gravitational field strength

52
Q

What is gravitational field strength measured in

A

N/kg

53
Q

If an object is travelling in a circle, where does the resultant force act upon

A

Towards the centre of the circle

54
Q

What is a centripetal force

A

The force that keeps something moving in a circle

55
Q

What does an object inertial mass measure

A

How difficult it is to change the velocity of an object

56
Q

What is newtons third law

A

When two objects interact, the forces they exert on each other are equal and opposite

57
Q

What is the formula for Newton’s second law

A

F = ma

58
Q

What is the formula for momentum

A

p = m x v

59
Q

What does p stand for

A

Momentum

60
Q

What is momentum measured in

A

Kg m/s

61
Q

What is the equation for stopping distance

A

Stopping distance = thinking distance + braking distance

62
Q

What is thinking distance

A

The distance the car travels in the driver’s reaction time

63
Q

What is your reaction time increased by

A

Tiredness, alcohol, drugs, distractions

64
Q

What is braking distance

A

The distance taken to stop once the brakes have been applied

65
Q

What affects your braking distance

A

Speed
Mass of the car
Condition of the brakes
How much friction is between your tyres and the road

66
Q

What are the 8 different types of energy

A 
Kinetic
Thermal
Chemical
Gravitational potential
Elastic potential
Electrostatic
Magnetic
Nuclear
67
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

The energy stored of a moving object

68
Q

What is the formula for kinetic energy

A

Kinetic energy = 0.5 x mass x (speed)2

KE = 1/2 x m x v2

69
Q

What is gravitational potential energy

A

The energy stored in an object when it is at any height above the earth’s surface

70
Q

What is the formula for gravitational potential energy

A

GPE = m x g x h

71
Q

What does g stand for

A

Gravitational field strength

72
Q

What does conservation of energy mean

A

Energy is never created or destroyed

73
Q

What is a closed system

A

A system (a collection of objects) that can be treated completely on its own, without any energy being exchanged to or from the surroundings

74
Q

How do you make it a closed system

A

By increasing the number of things you treat as a part of it

75
Q

What is thermal energy

A

Heat energy

76
Q

What is chemical energy

A

The energy produced in a chemical reaction

77
Q

What is elastic potential energy

A

The energy that occurs in things like springs and rubber bands etc.

78
Q

What is electrostatic energy

A

The energy when two charges attract or rebel each other

79
Q

What is magnetic energy

A

The energy when two magnets attract or repel each other

80
Q

What is nuclear energy

A

The energy released from the atomic nuclei in nuclear reactions

81
Q

What are the 4 main ways of energy transfers

A

Mechanically
Electrically
By heating
By radiation

82
Q

What are mechanical energy transfers

A

Energy transferred when a force is acting on an object eg. Pushing, stretching, squashing

83
Q

What are electrical energy transfers

A

Energy transferred when a charge is doing work eg. Charges moving round a circuit

84
Q

What is energy transfer by heating

A

Energy transferred from a hotter object to a colder object eg. Heating a pan on a hob

85
Q

What is energy transfer by radiation

A

Energy transferred by waves eg. Energy from the sun reaches the Earth by light

86
Q

When is energy useful

A

When it is transferred from one store to a useful store

87
Q

What is the conservation of energy principle

A

Total energy input = useful energy output + wasted energy

88
Q

What is the formula for efficiency

A

Efficiency = useful energy transferred by device
———————————————-
Total energy supplied to device

89
Q

What are 2 ways to reduce the amount of wasted energy

A

Lubrication

Insulation

90
Q

How does lubrication reduce the amount of wasted energy

A

It reduces the friction between objects’ when surfaces move

91
Q

How does insulation reduce the amount of wasted energy

A

By heating

92
Q

What are non-renewable energy resources

A

Fossil fuels and nuclear fuel

They will run out

93
Q

What are fossil fuels

A

Natural resources that form underground over millions of years that are typically burnt to provide energy

94
Q

What are the 3 main fossil fuels

A

Coal
Oil
Gas

95
Q

What do fossil fuels release into the atmosphere

A

Carbon dioxide

96
Q

What does the release of sulfur dioxide cause

A

Acid rain

97
Q

How can acid rain be reduced

A

By taking the sulfur out of the fossil before it is burned, or cleaning up the emissions

98
Q

What are renewable energy resources

A

Energy resources which will never run out

99
Q

What are the renewable energy resources

A 
Bio-fuels
Wind
Solar
Hydro-electricity 
Tides
100
Q

What are biofuels

A

Renewable energy resources created from either plant products or animal dung

101
Q

How do wind turbines work

A

Each wind turbine has a generator inside it so when wind rotates the blades, it turns the generator which produces electricity

102
Q

What are the costs for wind turbines

A

Initially quite high but running costs are minimal

103
Q

What are the problems of wind turbines

A

They only work when it’s windy so you can’t always supply electricity, or respond to high demand

104
Q

How do solar panels work

A

They are made from materials which use energy transferred by light to create an electric current

105
Q

What are the costs of solar energy

A

Initial costs are high but there are basically no running costs

106
Q

What are the problems of solar panels

A

You can’t make solar power at night or increase production when there is a popular demand

107
Q

How does hydro-electricity work

A

It involves flooding a valley by building a big dam. Rainwater is caught and allowed out through turbines

108
Q

What are the problems of hydro-electricity

A

There is a big impact on the environment due to the flooding of the valley and a possible loss of habitat for some species

109
Q

What is a big advantage of hydro-electricity

A

It can immediately respond to increased electricity demand as more water can be let out through the turbines, generating more electricity

110
Q

What are the costs of hydro-electricity

A

Initially high, but there are minimal running costs

111
Q

What are tidal barrages

A

Big dams built across river estuaries with turbines in them

112
Q

How do tidal barrages work

A

As the tide comes in, it fills up the estuary. The water is then let out through the turbines at a controlled speed to generate electricity

113
Q

What are the problems of tidal barrages

A

They affect boat access, can spoilt the view and they alter the habitat for wildlife

114
Q

What are the costs for tidal barrages

A

Initially moderately high but there are no fuel costs and minimal running costs

Physics (4 decks)

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