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GI- Week 1 > Motility > Flashcards

Motility Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 most important componetns of gastric secretions?

A
  • H+ ion
  • Pepsinogens
  • Mucus
  • Intrinsic Factor
  • Water
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2
Q

Where does the H+ ion in gastric secretions come from?

A

parietal cells secrete HCl at high concentrations

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3
Q

What are the roles of the H+ in gastric secretions?

A
  • activates conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin
  • kills bacteria
  • helps denature protein to make them better substrates for pepsin
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4
Q

How does pepsin work?

A

it is an endopeptidase that digests proteins by cleaving interior peptide bonds

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5
Q

What is intrinsic factor?

A

this is produced by parietal cells in the stomach to allow absorption of vit B12 in the ileum

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

What are the major cells of glands of the stomach?

A
  • chief cells (secrete pepsinogen)
  • ECL cells (secrete histamine)
  • Parietal cells (acid, intrinsic factor secretion)
  • Mucuous neck cells (stem cell compartment)
  • Surface mucous cells (mucus, trfoil peptide, HCO3- secretion)
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8
Q

What is the purpose of ECL cells secretin histamine?

A

these are primarily located on the periphery of the gastric glands so they dont secrete into the lumen of the gland, but only in a paracrine way to activate parietal and chief cells via histamine

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9
Q

How are pyloric glands different from oxyntoxic glands?

A

they dont have parietal cells, but do have G cells which secrete gastrin

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10
Q

What is outlined in black in this parietal cell?

A

the intercellular canalilus which opens into the glandular lumen

NOTE: the white fat looking circles are tubular vesicles which house the H/K+ ATPase needed to pump acid into the lumen and the brown things are mitochondria needed to generate ATP

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11
Q

What happens when parietal cells are stimulated?

A

the tubulovesicles fuse into the canalulus (right on last slide)

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12
Q

What is the conc of acid in the stomach?

A

Can be up to 0.15-0.16 mN (4x million fold gradient from epithelium- thus, energy is required to secrete it)

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13
Q

How is H+ secreted into the GI lumen?

A

Water in the cell dissociates into H+ and OH- and the H+ is exchanged into the GI lumen for K+ via a H+/K+ ATPase while the OH- combines with CO2 to form carbonic acid and then HCO3- which exits via the basolateral membrane into blood in exchange for Cl- which then passively diffuses into the GI lumen

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14
Q

What drug can inhibit the H/K ATPase?

A

Omeprazole

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15
Q

What happens to the K+ once it’s inside the gastric epithelium?

A

It diffuses passively back into the GI lumen via a channel so that the lumenal concentration of K+ always remains similar

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16
Q

H+ and Cl- cannot backflux into the epithelium from the lumen due to the high electrical gradient maintained by pumping a lot of Cl- into the lumen

A
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17
Q

What is the clinical utilty of understanding that the electrical gradient of the GI epithelium is -60 to -80?

A

Since this is normal, a less negative gradient (due to things like ethanol and NSAIDs which can allow Cl- backflow into the epithelium via loosened tight junctions) signifies epithelial dysfunction

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18
Q

T or F. The electrolyte composition of gastric secretions vary

A

T. They vary depending on the rate of secretion.

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19
Q

What are the major stimulants of gastric acid secretion?

A

gastrin from G cells in the antrum (released in endocrine mechanism- into circulation to induce acid secretion via binding to parietal cells)

Ach binding to parietal cells

histamine (most potent) released by ECL cells which bind to H2 receptors on parietal cells

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20
Q

How do Ach and gastrin work once they bind to parietal cells?

A

Gq mechanisms (PL-C, to IP3)

21
Q

How does histamine work once it binds to parietal cells?

A

via Gs mechanisms (AC, and cAMP)

22
Q

How does gastrin promote acid release from parietal cells?

A

It can directly bind to parietal cells via CCK-2 receptors but mostly works by binding to ECL cells to promote histamine release which then binds to parietal cells (similarly Ach can do both of these)

23
Q

T or F. There is a synergistic effect of Ach, histamine, and gastrin in promoting acid release

A

T.

24
Q

When is acid output highest during the day?

A

very low in the morning and rising to highest around 10 pm. it doesnt appear that this is due to gastrin since gastrin levels remain the same throughout the day

25
Q

Gastrin acid output increased immediately, even before food gets into your GI suggesting that acid can be stimulated mechanically through chewing

A
26
Q

What are the phases of gastrin secretion?

A

cephalic

gastric

intestinal

27
Q

What occurs in the cephalic phase of gastrin output?

A

sham feeding shows immediate increase in acid secretion based on what kind of food you are eating via a central process (can be stopped via vagotomy- vagus nerve mediates)

28
Q

The cephalic phase represents what percentage of total gastrin output?

A

30%

29
Q

T or F. The cephalic phase does not involve gastrin production

A

F. BUT this contribution is very minor (Ach from the vagus nerve is by far the main contributor during this phase). Digestion is better when all senses are involved, and stress attenuates this response because the sympathetic NS is more activated)

30
Q

Explain this

A

Carbs dont need acid to be digested while proteins do because they need to be denatured (this is mediated by the gastric phase)

31
Q

What percent of acid secretion is mediated by the gastric phase?

A

50%

32
Q

What are the 3 different promoters of the gastric phase?

A
  • food in the stomach
  • stomach distension
  • protein digestion
33
Q

How would gastrin be promoted to be released by food in the stomach?

A

food entering the GI has buffering capacity so it neutralizes the acidic pH and as the pH rises, more gastrin is produced. Gastrin is not typically secreted at a pH of 2, but will at a pH of about 3+

34
Q

How does distension promote acid release?

A

intramural and extramural mechanoreceptors in the stomach body transmit to parietal cells via Ach from the vagus nerve (this phase is almost completely mediated by Ach) and

distension of the pylorus can stimulate G-cell release of gastrin and Ach release via the vagus nerve (mostly)

35
Q

How does protein digestion stimulate acid production?

A

AA peptides (particularly aromatic AAs) can directly stimulate G cells to secrete gastrin (even in the absence of the vagus)

36
Q

What factors regulate gastrin release?

A
  • distension of the antrum can sitmulate vagus nerve to cause Ach release to promote G cell gastrin release
  • digested food can act directly on G cells to promote release
  • during the cephalic phase, the vagal stimulation can promote GRP release (the vagus and H+ can also promote somatostatin release which inhibits gastrin release when pH is low)
37
Q
A
38
Q

What is the main inhibitor of acid secretion in the oxyntic gland area and antrum?

A

somatostatin production when pH is less than 3 can inhibit gastrin release AND directly inhibir acid secretion

39
Q

What is the main inhibitor of acid secretion in the duodenum?

A

acid mediated by secretin (inhibits acid directly and via gastrin inhibition) and nervous reflex (directly inhibits acid secretion only) and

hyperosmotic solutions via an unidentified enterogasterone that directly inhibits acid secretion only

40
Q

What is the main inhibitor of acid secretion in the jejunum and lower duodenum?

A

GIP (inhibits gastrin and acid directly) and an unidentified enterogasterone (acid directly only) via fatty acid stimulation

41
Q
A
42
Q

How is pepsin secreted?

A

this is secreted by chief cells as pepsinogen I (in the oxyntic) and II (in the antrum) that are activated via acid and pepsin itself

43
Q

What is the main stimulator of pepsin secretion?

A

Ach

44
Q

What else can stimulate pepsin release?

A

H+ in the duodenum can stimulate secretin cells to release into circulation to stimulate peptic cells and

possibly gastrin secretion from G cells (not clear)

45
Q

What causes gastric ulcers?

A

this is thought to be due to defective gastric mucosa barrier (i.e. mucus, tight junctions, HCO3-, etc.) BUT there is not a good correlation between the levels of acid secretion and the formation of ulcers (i.e. some pts. with ulcers even have low levels of acid- serum levels are not a good indicator)

46
Q

What causes duodenal ulcers?

A

increased acid and pepsin secretion (possibly due to increased gastrin levels, increased parietal cell numbers, or decreased somatostatin function)

NOTE: There IS a good correlation between duodenal ulcers and acid levels, unlike gastric ulcers

47
Q
A
48
Q

How is H. pylori able to colonize the stomach?

A

by producing urease which creates a more alkaline environment

49
Q

What are some tx options for peptic ulcer disease?

A
  • H2 blockers (Cimetidine and Ranitidine)
  • PPI (omeprazole)
  • ABX if H. pylori present
  • Vagatomy

GI- Week 1 (20 decks)

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