Mother of all Midterms

Question 1

Rhetorical Triangle

Answer 1

Question 2

What does audience stand for?

Answer 2

Question 3

Name 5 qualities of an audience

Answer 3

Question 4

_____________ undergird all rhetoric, all arguements

Answer 4

Values

Question 5

Name some value conflicts

Answer 5

Question 6

Name some components of Assumptions

Answer 6

Question 7

Logos (4 types)

Answer 7

Description, Narration (state facts as they occurred, ie journalism) , Statistics, Authorities

Question 8

Ethos (2 components)

Answer 8

Credibility, morality

Question 9

Describe appeal to tradition

Answer 9

Appealing to legacy, culture, etc. (you never really own a *Brand watch, you merely take care of it for the next generation.

Question 10

Describe Appeal to novelty

Answer 10

The new, the hip

Question 11

Describe appeal to luxury

Answer 11

Makes me wish I was rich for my honeymoon haha. resorts, cars

Question 12

Describe appeal to authority

Answer 12

Santa smoking a certain brand of cigarettes. If someone we trust is doing/saying it. Whats her face on the face wash commercials

Question 13

Appeal to commonality/simplicity

Answer 13

Think small. Think small prices. I assume it is dumbing it down or making comparision seem simple.

Question 14

Causation Fallacy

Answer 14

Arguing that because Event B occurred after Event A, Event A caused Event B

There was an increase of births during the full moon. Therefore, full moons cause birth rates to rise.

Question 15

Begging the Question

Answer 15

Loading the conclusion in the claim; assuming that something is true before it’s proven

⦁ “The antiwar demonstrators of the 1970s should be remembered as the cowards that they were.”

“Your arguments against Freud are due to your unresolved unconscious conflicts.”

Question 16

Ad Hominem

Answer 16

Personal Attack

An attack on the character of the individual rather than his/her actual arguments or qualifications

Obama smokes

Question 17

Bandwagon

(has latin name too)

Answer 17

Ad Populum

Appealing to prejudices or inclinations. If a majority of people believe or do something, everyone else should, too.

“Over 70 percent of Americans favor the adoption of a national sky marshal program; what’s your problem?”

All of provo has google bunny

Question 18

Red Herring

Answer 18

Avoiding countering an opposing argument directly by introducing a new or non-issue to the argument

“Equal pay for women is an important issue, but I wonder whether women really want to take the responsibility that comes with higher-paying jobs.”

Announcement of the pres election.

Question 19

Loaded Question

Answer 19

An unanswerable, biased question — sometimes allowing only two possible answers: yes or no.

“Hey, Frank, have you quit hanging around crack addicts yet?”

Questions as missionaries

Question 20

Association Fallacy

Answer 20

Appeal to false authority

Ideas or actions are (un)acceptable because of people associated with them.

“The hijackers were Egyptian; obviously Egyptians support terrorism.”

⦁ “All those who can afford it prefer Freudian therapy.”

Question 21

Non Sequitur

Answer 21

Any illogical conclusion (usually reached from faulty premises or poor evidence)

“Japanese children spend 40% more time in the classroom than U.S. children. American parents should take more interest in the kids’ education.”

Question 22

Appeal to Ignorance – Shifting Burden of Proof

Answer 22

Whatever has not been proven false must necessarily be true; whatever has not been proven true must necessarily be false. Absence of evidence is evidence.

⦁ “There is no compelling evidence that UFOs are not visiting the Earth; therefore, UFOs exist.”

Question 23

Circular Argument

Answer 23

A sentence or argument that restates rather than proves

⦁ “President Reagan was a great communicator because he had that knack of talking effectively to the people.”

Question 24

Genetic Fallacy

Answer 24

Arguing that the origins of a person, object, or institution determine its worth

“Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth?”

Question 25

Hasty Generalization

(2 aka’s)

Answer 25

Faulty Generalization –Stereotyping

Conclusion is unjustified due to insufficient/biased evidence

“Professor Brugger is a hard grader because he gave my roommate a D- last year.”

⦁ “The majority of people in the United States die in hospitals, so stay out of them.”

Question 26

Oversimplification

Answer 26

Ignores an issue’s complexities, variations, or exceptions

“The influx of foreign cars almost destroyed the American auto industry.”

Question 28

Equivocation

Answer 28

Ambiguity

The word or phrase may be ambiguous, in which case it has more than one distinct meaning

or

The word or phrase may be vague, in which case it has no distinct meaning

flags on caskets

“President Clinton should’ve been impeached only if he had improper relations with Monica Lewinsky. He didn’t have relations with Lewinsky.

Question 29

Either-Or Fallacy

(1 aka)

Answer 29

False dilema

An oversimplification that reduces alternatives to only two choices when more may actually exist

I can go to church and offend my family, or I can stay home and make everyone happy.

Question 30

Card Stacking

Answer 30

Emphasizing one side and repressing another

wholesome ingredients rich and creamy ice cream- 1% milk, doesn’t mention all the sugar.

Question 31

Hypostatization

Answer 31

Regarding something abstract as a material, physical thing

animals: I am not a coat

Question 32

Hypothesis Contrary to Fact

Treating hypothetical situations as if they were fact

“If your dog is now dead, it’s because you didn’t use IAMS; had you done so, your dog would still be alive today to lick your salty face.”

Question 33

Nominal Fallacy

Answer 33

Naming something explains it

Put that thing back where it came from or so help me

Question 34

Straw Man

Answer 34

(Imagine a fight in which one of the combatants sets up a man of straw, attacks it, and then proclaims victory.)

Question 35

Poisoning the Well

Answer 35

To discredit what a person might later claim by presenting unfavorable information (either true or false) about the person.

“Before we look at buying a new VW, just remember that Volkswagen was founded by Hitler.”

Question 36

Slippery Slope

Answer 36

A relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant effect

Question 37

Wishful Thinking

Answer 37

Desiring something to be true/false; consequently believing it is actually true/false

Disneyland adds

Question 38

Faulty Analogy –False Analogy –Faulty Comparison

Answer 38

Basing an argument on a poor comparison of two things, ideas, events or situations; comparing “apples and oranges”

“Teaching kids about sex education is like letting them loose in a candy store.”

⦁ “The American Indian had to make way for Western civilization; after all, you can’t make an omelette without breaking a few eggs.

Question 39

Deceptive Dimensionality

Answer 39

Angle of object(s) in graph, including 3-dimensionality, can distort perception and therefore representation (and/or vice versa). Viewer is forced to compensate, to make sense out the graph, which defies the very purpose of graph utilization

Question 40

Misleading Labeling or a Lack of Labeling

Answer 40

We can detect slight variations, and a general trend, but can’t pinpoint exact individual values.

Question 41

Mean, Median & Mode

Answer 41

Which one are they using

Question 42

Insufficient Documentation

Answer 42

South Carolina is a green state

Sex abuse stats–unverifiable

Question 43

Falsified Facts

Answer 43

Eating oat bran is a cheap and easy way to reduce your cholesterol count. (Quaker Oats)

Diet must consist of nothing but oat bran to achieve a slightly lower cholesterol count.

Question 44

Deceitful Demarcation

Answer 44

Deceitfully elongated y (vertical) axis, suggesting faster, more dramatic growth. Now, imagine a plotted trend on either altered scale: both would be skewed. In many instances, grid lines are removed, making verification difficult, if not impossible.

Question 45

Accentuating the Positive

Answer 45

Question 46

The Cut-Off Baseline

Answer 46

Question 47

Inaccurate Icons

Answer 47

What’s being measured? The tops of the balls are, but you see the icon as much larger. The prices here have roughly doubled, but the surface areas of the larger icons are much more than twice the amount.

Question 48

Immeasurable Statistic

Answer 48

No common denominator, therefore hard to compare. You’d have to do the math, defeating the point of the graphic

Question 49

Name the statistical analysis errors:

D.D

ML or LoL

MMM

DD

AtP

CB

II

IS

Answer 49

Deceptive Dimensionality

Misleading Labeling or a Lack of Labeling

Mean, Median & Mode

Insufficient Documentation

Falsified Facts

Deceitful Demarcation

Accentuating the Positive

The Cut-Off Baseline

Inaccurate Icons

Immeasurable Statistic

Question 50

First 3 deadly sins of statistics (MI2)

Answer 50

1. Misrepresentation: Statistics about unusual sub-populations are often interpreted as applying to an entire population.
2. Irrelevant Data Shifts: Journalists sometimes attach great importance to random data shifts that may already be irrelevant by the time they are reported.
3. 2 sets of data: Summary statistics about two large sets of data can invite conclusions that would not stand if the sets were examined individually, in greater detail.

Question 51

Last 3 deadly sins of statistics (MUS)

Answer 51

1. Misapplied: Fundamental misunderstandings of statistical results can arise when two words or phrases are unwisely viewed as synonyms, or when an analyst applies a particular term inconsistently.
2. Unnatural baseline: Press accounts of scientific studies sometimes invite readers to reach conclusions by comparing a reported statistic with some other that supposedly represents a natural baseline. But the proposed baseline may be anything but natural.
3. Source: when a reader probes the numbers and looks at their source.