Mother of all Midterms Flashcards
Rhetorical Triangle
What does audience stand for?
Name 5 qualities of an audience
_____________ undergird all rhetoric, all arguements
Values
Name some value conflicts
Name some components of Assumptions
Logos (4 types)
Description, Narration (state facts as they occurred, ie journalism) , Statistics, Authorities
Ethos (2 components)
Credibility, morality
Describe appeal to tradition
Appealing to legacy, culture, etc. (you never really own a *Brand watch, you merely take care of it for the next generation.
Describe Appeal to novelty
The new, the hip
Describe appeal to luxury
Makes me wish I was rich for my honeymoon haha. resorts, cars
Describe appeal to authority
Santa smoking a certain brand of cigarettes. If someone we trust is doing/saying it. Whats her face on the face wash commercials
Appeal to commonality/simplicity
Think small. Think small prices. I assume it is dumbing it down or making comparision seem simple.
Causation Fallacy
Arguing that because Event B occurred after Event A, Event A caused Event B
There was an increase of births during the full moon. Therefore, full moons cause birth rates to rise.
Begging the Question
Loading the conclusion in the claim; assuming that something is true before it’s proven
⦁ “The antiwar demonstrators of the 1970s should be remembered as the cowards that they were.”
“Your arguments against Freud are due to your unresolved unconscious conflicts.”
Ad Hominem
Personal Attack
An attack on the character of the individual rather than his/her actual arguments or qualifications
Obama smokes
Bandwagon
(has latin name too)
Ad Populum
Appealing to prejudices or inclinations. If a majority of people believe or do something, everyone else should, too.
“Over 70 percent of Americans favor the adoption of a national sky marshal program; what’s your problem?”
All of provo has google bunny
Red Herring
Avoiding countering an opposing argument directly by introducing a new or non-issue to the argument
“Equal pay for women is an important issue, but I wonder whether women really want to take the responsibility that comes with higher-paying jobs.”
Announcement of the pres election.
Loaded Question
An unanswerable, biased question — sometimes allowing only two possible answers: yes or no.
“Hey, Frank, have you quit hanging around crack addicts yet?”
Questions as missionaries
Association Fallacy
Appeal to false authority
Ideas or actions are (un)acceptable because of people associated with them.
“The hijackers were Egyptian; obviously Egyptians support terrorism.”
⦁ “All those who can afford it prefer Freudian therapy.”
Non Sequitur
Any illogical conclusion (usually reached from faulty premises or poor evidence)
“Japanese children spend 40% more time in the classroom than U.S. children. American parents should take more interest in the kids’ education.”
Appeal to Ignorance – Shifting Burden of Proof
Whatever has not been proven false must necessarily be true; whatever has not been proven true must necessarily be false. Absence of evidence is evidence.
⦁ “There is no compelling evidence that UFOs are not visiting the Earth; therefore, UFOs exist.”
Circular Argument
A sentence or argument that restates rather than proves
⦁ “President Reagan was a great communicator because he had that knack of talking effectively to the people.”
Genetic Fallacy
Arguing that the origins of a person, object, or institution determine its worth
“Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth?”
Hasty Generalization
(2 aka’s)
Faulty Generalization –Stereotyping
Conclusion is unjustified due to insufficient/biased evidence
“Professor Brugger is a hard grader because he gave my roommate a D- last year.”
⦁ “The majority of people in the United States die in hospitals, so stay out of them.”
Oversimplification
Ignores an issue’s complexities, variations, or exceptions
“The influx of foreign cars almost destroyed the American auto industry.”
Equivocation
Ambiguity
The word or phrase may be ambiguous, in which case it has more than one distinct meaning
or
The word or phrase may be vague, in which case it has no distinct meaning
flags on caskets
“President Clinton should’ve been impeached only if he had improper relations with Monica Lewinsky. He didn’t have relations with Lewinsky.
Either-Or Fallacy
(1 aka)
False dilema
An oversimplification that reduces alternatives to only two choices when more may actually exist
I can go to church and offend my family, or I can stay home and make everyone happy.
Card Stacking
Emphasizing one side and repressing another
wholesome ingredients rich and creamy ice cream- 1% milk, doesn’t mention all the sugar.
Hypostatization
Regarding something abstract as a material, physical thing
animals: I am not a coat
Hypothesis Contrary to Fact
Treating hypothetical situations as if they were fact
“If your dog is now dead, it’s because you didn’t use IAMS; had you done so, your dog would still be alive today to lick your salty face.”
Nominal Fallacy
Naming something explains it
Put that thing back where it came from or so help me
Straw Man
(Imagine a fight in which one of the combatants sets up a man of straw, attacks it, and then proclaims victory.)
Poisoning the Well
To discredit what a person might later claim by presenting unfavorable information (either true or false) about the person.
“Before we look at buying a new VW, just remember that Volkswagen was founded by Hitler.”
Slippery Slope
A relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant effect
Wishful Thinking
Desiring something to be true/false; consequently believing it is actually true/false
Disneyland adds
Faulty Analogy –False Analogy –Faulty Comparison
Basing an argument on a poor comparison of two things, ideas, events or situations; comparing “apples and oranges”
“Teaching kids about sex education is like letting them loose in a candy store.”
⦁ “The American Indian had to make way for Western civilization; after all, you can’t make an omelette without breaking a few eggs.
Deceptive Dimensionality
Angle of object(s) in graph, including 3-dimensionality, can distort perception and therefore representation (and/or vice versa). Viewer is forced to compensate, to make sense out the graph, which defies the very purpose of graph utilization
Misleading Labeling or a Lack of Labeling
We can detect slight variations, and a general trend, but can’t pinpoint exact individual values.
Mean, Median & Mode
Which one are they using
Insufficient Documentation
South Carolina is a green state
Sex abuse stats–unverifiable
Falsified Facts
Eating oat bran is a cheap and easy way to reduce your cholesterol count. (Quaker Oats)
Diet must consist of nothing but oat bran to achieve a slightly lower cholesterol count.
Deceitful Demarcation
Deceitfully elongated y (vertical) axis, suggesting faster, more dramatic growth. Now, imagine a plotted trend on either altered scale: both would be skewed. In many instances, grid lines are removed, making verification difficult, if not impossible.
Accentuating the Positive
The Cut-Off Baseline
Inaccurate Icons
What’s being measured? The tops of the balls are, but you see the icon as much larger. The prices here have roughly doubled, but the surface areas of the larger icons are much more than twice the amount.
Immeasurable Statistic
No common denominator, therefore hard to compare. You’d have to do the math, defeating the point of the graphic
Name the statistical analysis errors:
D.D
ML or LoL
MMM
DD
AtP
CB
II
IS
Deceptive Dimensionality
Misleading Labeling or a Lack of Labeling
Mean, Median & Mode
Insufficient Documentation
Falsified Facts
Deceitful Demarcation
Accentuating the Positive
The Cut-Off Baseline
Inaccurate Icons
Immeasurable Statistic
First 3 deadly sins of statistics (MI2)
- Misrepresentation: Statistics about unusual sub-populations are often interpreted as applying to an entire population.
- Irrelevant Data Shifts: Journalists sometimes attach great importance to random data shifts that may already be irrelevant by the time they are reported.
- 2 sets of data: Summary statistics about two large sets of data can invite conclusions that would not stand if the sets were examined individually, in greater detail.
Last 3 deadly sins of statistics (MUS)
- Misapplied: Fundamental misunderstandings of statistical results can arise when two words or phrases are unwisely viewed as synonyms, or when an analyst applies a particular term inconsistently.
- Unnatural baseline: Press accounts of scientific studies sometimes invite readers to reach conclusions by comparing a reported statistic with some other that supposedly represents a natural baseline. But the proposed baseline may be anything but natural.
- Source: when a reader probes the numbers and looks at their source.
