MOT Flashcards
Enterprise Architecture – In generel
• It is what we have to consider to align our enterprise architecture with the strategy for our business
What are operating models according to ROSS?
• It describes how a company want to thrive and grow
• Def: An operating model is the necessary level of business process integration and standardization for delivering goods and services to customers.
• The operating model decision (or lack thereof) has a profound impact on how a company implements business processes and IT infrastructure
• An operating model has two dimensions:
o Business process standardization
Defining exactly how a process will be executed =
• Benefits: Reduction I variability, efficiency and predictability.
• Challenges: Limits local innovation
o Business process Integration
When a process shares/exchange data to another process – SHARING DATA THROUGH PROCESSES
• Benefits: Efficiency, Coordination, transparency, agility
• Challenges: Combination of different IT-systems, standards
What are the four types of Operation models?
• Axes: Integration, Standardization
• Diversification, Low low
o Business processes works interdepended of each other
o Organic growth: Through, the growth of each business units
o NB, Acquisition: Most easy here!
• Coordination, High int, low stand
o Customer transactions are independent, but product data is shared
o Organic growth: Through, sell new products by the obtained knowledge from the data integrations
• Replication, High stand, low int
o Departments have limited impact over business process design
o MCD
o Organic growth: Through, penetrating new markets
• Unification, High High
o Integrated supply chain
o Requires ERP
o Organic growth: Through, Economic of Scale, new product in exiting markets and visa versa
How is Enterprise architecture (EA) defined?
- DEF by Ross: Enterprise architecture is the organizing logic for business processes and IT infrastructure reflecting the integration and standardization requirements of the company’s operating model.
- It is about aligning IT and business strategy
- How IT enables business processes
- Sub-term: It architecture
What is IT architecture?
• Closely related to EA
• 3 steps:
o Define the organisations strategic objectives
o Define key IT capabilities of enabling those objectives¨
o Define IT standards for the organization
What are the four IT architecture stages?
• Applications silo o Standalone application o Goal: Local optimization • Standardized technology architecture o Shared infrastructure, technology standards o Goal: IT efficiency • Rationalized data architecture o Shared data o Goal: Process optimization • Modular architecture o Customized and reusable modules o Goal: Strategic agility
What are Feral Information Systems?
• DEF: a “…technological artefact (e.g. spreadsheets) that end users employ instead of the mandated Enterprise System.”
• FIS is an add-on to an information system that is not controlled by the corporate IT function – e.g. a spreadsheet
• Often created by the user
• Why FIS ermerges:
o FIS development can be seen as a response to a need for a greater level of agility within an organization
o or as a response to a lack of technical support from the information technology department
How to handle FIS – 6 strategies
- Continue to use FIS
- Integrate FIS’s functionality into ERP
- Rebuild FIS as module
- Standardize Technology
- Manage Work practices
- Document Enterprise Architecture
What is big data?
- How to: Collect, storage, clean, analyze, process and interpret/understand data
- volume, variety, and velocity
What is A/B-testing?
- also known as split-run testing
- A/B testing is a way to compare two versions of a single variable, typically by testing a subject’s response to variant A against variant B, and determining which of the two variants is more effective
How is Machine Learning, ML defined?
- DEF: Gives the computer the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed
- ML works by constantly feeding data to machine, so it can interpret, understand the use of it, detect patterns, identify key features to solve problems – this is very similar to how a brain works
What are the three types of ML?
• Supervised learning
o To oversee or direct a certain activity to make sure it is done correctly
o Machines learns by guidance/teaching
o Labelled data -> this is the input, and this exactly how the output must look
o Problems:
Regression – predict
Classification
o Aim: To forecast an outcome (Though, that is the basic aim of ML in general, but SL give you a direct outcome due to a well-defined training phase)
o Application: Forecasting risk/sales etc.
• Unsupervised learning
o No supervision
o No labelled data, the machine finds hidden patterns by it self in order to make prediction about the output
o Problems:
Association – discovering pattering
Clustering – cluster based by similarities
o Aim: Discovering patterns
o Application: Recommendation system (suggestions e.g. others brought this book)
• Reinforced learning
o Establish or encourage a pattern of bevavior – hit and trail concept
o Learn by your experience and then again learn for your experience
o Problems:
Rewards vs punishment
o Aim: Explore the environment by leaning by doing
o Application: Self-driving cars or gaming
How is a process defined?
The required steps to accomplish a specific business function
What are the 6 steps in the BPM process?
- (It is a process modelling tool)
- Process identification
- Process discovery (as-is)
- Process analysis
- Process redesign (to-be)
- Process implementation
- Process monitoring/controlling
What are the differences between effective and efficient?
- Being effective is about doing the right things.
* Being efficient is about doing things right.
Technology acceptance
• “Getting a new idea adopted, even when it has obvious advantages, is often very difficult”
• “Users are not simply passive recipients of technology
o they are active and important actors in shaping and negotiating meanings of technology,
o which is significant both for understanding design processes and the relationship between the identities of technologies and their users”
• Self-identity – what do the technology we use say about ourselves?
• Users:
o Medators/teachers
o Experts
o Non-experts
o Tinkers
• Non-users
o “Passive avoidance behavior vs active resistance”
o Resisters: who have never used X because they don’t want to
o Rejecters: who have stopped using X voluntarily
o Excluded: have never had access
o Expelled: have lost institutional access
What is requirement engineering?
- Often based on customers or stakeholders needs
- It is the continuous process of eliciting, documenting, analysing, tracing, prioritising and agreeing on requirements
- and then controlling change and communicating to relevant stakeholders about progress
Se model
What are the typical pitfalls of RE?
- Non-consideration of stakeholders
- Unclear or missing requirements
- Insufficient documentation of requirements
- Insufficient negotiation
What 3 the types of Requirements?
• Functionel Requirements
o A functional requirement for a milk carton would be “ability to contain fluid without leaking”
• Quality Requirements
o A non-functional requirement for a hard hat might be “must not break under pressure of less than 10,000 PSI”
o Quantified it! E.g. battery time for 10 hours etc.
• Constraints
o It limits the solution
o A constraint for a system collecting private data could be to be GDPR compliant.
Why the emerge of Devops?
- The need of being flexible and agil in the VUCA-world
- Long deploy time due the increase use of IT in organizations – the need for deploy schedules
- It helps to break down silo departments and the responsibility gets shared
What is Devops?
• DevOps integrates developers and operation in order to improve productivity
o By automating: infrastructures, workflows and continuously measuring application performance = Automate as much as possible
• A change from writing big and finished chuncks of code to small parts of code – and then integrate it, test it, monitor it and deploy it.
• Three characteristic:
o Fast and many deploys ->
Limit Work in progress, WIP
Reduce batch size
o
The strategic role of manufacturing
- Skinner (1969) wrote about the missing link between an organization’s strategy and its operations [….] this gap is still very much a reality
- “The manufacturing industry is experiencing a paradigm shift from the automated manufacturing industry to ‘smart manufacturing’”
Shortly describe the industries from 1.0-4.0
• Industry 1.0
o Product volume
o Supplies were smaller than demands -> price rise
And visa versa
• Industry 2.0
o Volume and Varity
o Ford addressed the shortage of supply in product volumes using mass production
o Ohno addressed various customer interests in product varieties by developing the Toyota production system (TPS), the precursor to lean.
• Industry 3.0
o Volume, variety and delivery time
o demand environment as Volatile Market
o is characterised by technological innovations such as change from analogue to digital
o a reduction in average product life cycles
• Industry 4.0
o Technology innovations such as internet of things (IoT), big data, electric vehicles (EV), 3D printing, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and cyber-physical systems
Information transparency
Decentralized decision-making
The strategic role of Operations – the three T’
• Time to costomer
o Balancing supply and demand
• Time to technology
o Balancing technological curiosity and business development
• Time to market
o Balancing functionality and manufacturability
What are the differences between Digitization vs Digitalization – Meissner?
• Digitization:
o Converting from analog to digital
o Manual written notes vs computer written notes
• Digitalization
o Using digital technologies to change a business model
o Artificial Intelligence, Big Data.
What are the four stages of the maturity framework?
• Descriptive
o 1:1 transformation: from an analog process- to a digital system.
• Diagnostic
o Algorithms characterizes the system where a direct link to data is possible.
• Predictive
o The system gets predictive intra-organizational competences, where the system can be built on artificial intelligence. Historical data make the foundation.
• Proactive
o The system gets proactive inter-organizational competences where it is possible to generate data within a Big Data perspective to optimize the supply chain. The system act proactively to prevents failures – a system that is smarter than the human brain
What is Manufacturing IoT, MIOT?
• It is a Cyber-Physical System (CPS), where Internet of Things (IoT) plays an important role of connecting the physical environment of manufacturing to the cyberspace of computing platforms and decision-making algorithms • 5 areas: o Sensors o Communication o Actuators o Storage o Computing
What is Life cycle of big data for MIoT?
• Data acquisition o Collecting data • Data preprocessing and storage o From: Raw data Data cleaning Data integration • Data analytics o E.g. maturity framework o BI o ML
What is an IT landscape?
- Even if everybody talks about Digital Transformation as the future, most companies have already a complex network of artefacts as a digital landscape
- The digital landscape is a fingerprint and a design.
- Analysis of the enterprise require insight in the landscape
- Changes and implementation require insight
What does an IT Enterprise Architecture consist of? (in relation to IT Landscape)
• Business Architecture o Organisation structure o Strategy • Applications o Alignment • Information/Data o Data integration o Analytics • Technical/Infrastructure o Hardware: Servers, Networks etc.
What is Application Portfolio Mapping, APM?
• Get a picture of applications in the landscape, and how everything is connected o Both application to application o But also from application to: Processes Workflow Teams Hardware • Its increases: o Align apps with business needs o Reduce compliance risks o Improve efficiency o Etc.
Integration maps
- The same as APM just with the perspective of data
* How it affects the core
Why is Engineering Chance management, ECM, becoming increasingly important?
- VUCA-world
* A rapid rate of new product introduction and constant optimizations
Why is ECM difficult?
• Single component with multiple Engineering Change Requests
o One component with several changes (sequential or batch/cluster release)
• Single Engineering Change Requests against multiple components
o One change could impact several components (requalification, review etc.)
• Single component affects multiple products with different configurations
o The components might be in various BOM’s for different assemblies
What are the four steps of the EMC process?
• Change request o Stakeholder, customers, environment wants a change o The change is reviewed in relation to Risk, Cost and the impact on the organisation • Change notice o Documentation o Blueprints • Change order o Now, we agreed that everything is fine o We need to agree on when to implement the change Today In a year? • Change verification o Did it work
The reality of many ECM processes:
Se billede
What is APQP?
- It is Advanced Product Quality Planning within the topic of Quality Management
- It helps to make Project Management effective and efficient
- In Wind Power Lem it is built upon: Plan Do Check act
??
- Apollo 11 had 145,000 lines of computer code, The Android operating system has 12 million lines of code. A modern car? Easily 100 million lines of code & 50 microprocessors
- Amazon has a deploy frequency of 23.000 a day
