MOT Flashcards
Enterprise Architecture – In generel
• It is what we have to consider to align our enterprise architecture with the strategy for our business
What are operating models according to ROSS?
• It describes how a company want to thrive and grow
• Def: An operating model is the necessary level of business process integration and standardization for delivering goods and services to customers.
• The operating model decision (or lack thereof) has a profound impact on how a company implements business processes and IT infrastructure
• An operating model has two dimensions:
o Business process standardization
Defining exactly how a process will be executed =
• Benefits: Reduction I variability, efficiency and predictability.
• Challenges: Limits local innovation
o Business process Integration
When a process shares/exchange data to another process – SHARING DATA THROUGH PROCESSES
• Benefits: Efficiency, Coordination, transparency, agility
• Challenges: Combination of different IT-systems, standards
What are the four types of Operation models?
• Axes: Integration, Standardization
• Diversification, Low low
o Business processes works interdepended of each other
o Organic growth: Through, the growth of each business units
o NB, Acquisition: Most easy here!
• Coordination, High int, low stand
o Customer transactions are independent, but product data is shared
o Organic growth: Through, sell new products by the obtained knowledge from the data integrations
• Replication, High stand, low int
o Departments have limited impact over business process design
o MCD
o Organic growth: Through, penetrating new markets
• Unification, High High
o Integrated supply chain
o Requires ERP
o Organic growth: Through, Economic of Scale, new product in exiting markets and visa versa
How is Enterprise architecture (EA) defined?
- DEF by Ross: Enterprise architecture is the organizing logic for business processes and IT infrastructure reflecting the integration and standardization requirements of the company’s operating model.
- It is about aligning IT and business strategy
- How IT enables business processes
- Sub-term: It architecture
What is IT architecture?
• Closely related to EA
• 3 steps:
o Define the organisations strategic objectives
o Define key IT capabilities of enabling those objectives¨
o Define IT standards for the organization
What are the four IT architecture stages?
• Applications silo o Standalone application o Goal: Local optimization • Standardized technology architecture o Shared infrastructure, technology standards o Goal: IT efficiency • Rationalized data architecture o Shared data o Goal: Process optimization • Modular architecture o Customized and reusable modules o Goal: Strategic agility
What are Feral Information Systems?
• DEF: a “…technological artefact (e.g. spreadsheets) that end users employ instead of the mandated Enterprise System.”
• FIS is an add-on to an information system that is not controlled by the corporate IT function – e.g. a spreadsheet
• Often created by the user
• Why FIS ermerges:
o FIS development can be seen as a response to a need for a greater level of agility within an organization
o or as a response to a lack of technical support from the information technology department
How to handle FIS – 6 strategies
- Continue to use FIS
- Integrate FIS’s functionality into ERP
- Rebuild FIS as module
- Standardize Technology
- Manage Work practices
- Document Enterprise Architecture
What is big data?
- How to: Collect, storage, clean, analyze, process and interpret/understand data
- volume, variety, and velocity
What is A/B-testing?
- also known as split-run testing
- A/B testing is a way to compare two versions of a single variable, typically by testing a subject’s response to variant A against variant B, and determining which of the two variants is more effective
How is Machine Learning, ML defined?
- DEF: Gives the computer the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed
- ML works by constantly feeding data to machine, so it can interpret, understand the use of it, detect patterns, identify key features to solve problems – this is very similar to how a brain works
What are the three types of ML?
• Supervised learning
o To oversee or direct a certain activity to make sure it is done correctly
o Machines learns by guidance/teaching
o Labelled data -> this is the input, and this exactly how the output must look
o Problems:
Regression – predict
Classification
o Aim: To forecast an outcome (Though, that is the basic aim of ML in general, but SL give you a direct outcome due to a well-defined training phase)
o Application: Forecasting risk/sales etc.
• Unsupervised learning
o No supervision
o No labelled data, the machine finds hidden patterns by it self in order to make prediction about the output
o Problems:
Association – discovering pattering
Clustering – cluster based by similarities
o Aim: Discovering patterns
o Application: Recommendation system (suggestions e.g. others brought this book)
• Reinforced learning
o Establish or encourage a pattern of bevavior – hit and trail concept
o Learn by your experience and then again learn for your experience
o Problems:
Rewards vs punishment
o Aim: Explore the environment by leaning by doing
o Application: Self-driving cars or gaming
How is a process defined?
The required steps to accomplish a specific business function
What are the 6 steps in the BPM process?
- (It is a process modelling tool)
- Process identification
- Process discovery (as-is)
- Process analysis
- Process redesign (to-be)
- Process implementation
- Process monitoring/controlling
What are the differences between effective and efficient?
- Being effective is about doing the right things.
* Being efficient is about doing things right.
