Most of it

Question 1

Control structures

Answer 1

building blocks of programming that manage the flow of a program based on conditions

Question 2

Sequence structure

Answer 2

default control stucture, where instructions are executed one after another in order, e.g assigning a value to a variable, performing arithmetic operation

Question 3

Iteration

Answer 3

refers to the process of repeating a block of code multiple times, used for repitition until condition is met. For loop and while loop.

Question 4

Example of while loop

Answer 4

Initialize counter to 1
While counter is less than or equal to 10
Print counter
increment counter by 1
End while
In code =
total_sum = 0
number = -1
while number !=0:
number = int(input(“enter a number(0 to stop):”))
Total_sum =+ number
print(“total sum:”, total_sum)

Question 5

Modular coding

Answer 5

Breaking down a complex problem into smaller, manageable parts.

Question 6

Functions

Answer 6

Block of code designed to perform a task. It can take input process it and return it. In python the def keword is used follow by function name and parentheses.

Question 7

Parameters

Answer 7

Functions can take any number of parameters, allowing you to pass data to the function

Question 8

Charactersitics of modular coding

Answer 8

Cohesion - Each module should focus on 1 thing
Low coupling - interact with each other as little as possible
Encapsulation - Modules should hide their inner workings from other modules
Abstraction: Modules should provide a simple interface for others to use, hiding complex details

Question 9

Local scope

Answer 9

Variables defined inside a function or block.
Def my_function():
local_var = “i’m local”
print(local_var)

Question 10

Encapsulation

Answer 10

Binds together data and functions that manipulate data, keeping both safe from outside interface and misuse.
class Myclass
def_init_(self)
self.my_variable = “i’m encapsulated”
def my_method(self):
print(self.my_varaible)

Question 11

Arrays

Answer 11

Collection of items stored at contiguous memory locations ; storing multiple items of the same type together to organize data more efficiently. Key features include fixed size, all elemnts must be same data type, elements can be accessed directly using their index number.

Question 12

Properties of arrays

Answer 12

Properties of array:
index: array elements are accessed via indices
Size: the total number of elements that an array can hold
Fixed size: once declared, size of an array cant be changed

my_array[0] = 1
size = len(my_array)

Question 13

Operations on arrays

Answer 13

Traversal: visiting each elemnent on the array
Insertion: addingan element to the array
Deletion: removing an element
Search: finding the location of an element
Update: changing an existing element to a new value

first_element = my_array[0] # access element
my_array[0] = 2 # update element
my_array.append(3) # insert element
def my_array[0] # delete element

Question 14

One dimensional arrays

Answer 14

contains elements in a linear sequence, practical for storing data.

Practical
one_d_array = [1,2,3,4,5] # a one-dimensional array
print(one_d_array[0]) # accessing the first element

Question 15

two dimensional arrays

Answer 15

organize elements in rows and columns
two_d_array = [[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]] # a 2 dimensional array
print(two_d_array[0][0] # accessing the first element of the first array

Question 16

Advantages and disadvantages of arrays

Answer 16

Advantages:
- Simple and easy to use
-Efficient data storage and retireval for indexed data
-Basis for other data structures like strings

Disadvantages:
-Fixed size
-Poor perfomance for insertions and deletions compares to other data structures
- Does not offer dynamic resizing

Question 17

Dictionary

Answer 17

A dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs, where each key is unique and used to access its corresponding value.

Charactersitics : changeable, ordered insertions, can grow

e.g student_grades = {‘Alice’: 85, ‘Bob’:92, ‘Clara’: 88}
accessing it: print(my_dict[‘name’]) # output name
adding it: my_dict[‘age’] = 30
updating: my_dict[‘name’] = ‘Doe’
delete: del my_dict[‘name’]

Question 18

Dictionary iteration

Answer 18

for key in my_dict:
print(key)

Question 19

Use cases of dictionaries

Answer 19

Advantages:
- Fast access: lookup of values based on key is very efficient
- Flexible: keys can be any immutable type, making dictionaries versatile
Limitations:
- Unordered: older python libaries, dictionaries did not maintain order
-Memory usage: dictionaries comusme more memory than lists

Question 20

relational operators

Answer 20

== equals to
!= not equal to
> greater than
< less than
>= greater than or even
<= less than or even to

Question 21

OOP

Answer 21

the concept of “objects” which contain data in forms of fields(attributes) and code in the form of procedures(methods)

Encapsulation, abstraction, inheritancem and polymorphism

Question 22

Encapsulation

Answer 22

bundling of attribvutes and methods that operate on the data into a single unit called object to restrict direct access to an objects components.
Benefits:
- Improved security
- Simple interface while hiding complex implementation details

Question 23

Abstraction

Answer 23

the concept of hiding the complex reality while exposing only the essential parts.
Benefits:
- reduces complexity

Question 24

Inheritance

Answer 24

mechanism where a new class is created from an existing class
Benefits:
- Code reuse
- Establish a relationship between different classes through their objects