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Most Missed Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Vmax

A

the maximum rate of a rxn

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2
Q

Km

A

the amount of substrate needed for the enzyme to work at 1/2 Vmax

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3
Q

A high Km means

A

a low enzyme-substrate affinity

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4
Q

A low Km means

A

a high enzyme-substrate affinity

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5
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

when an inhibitor binds directly to the active site.
Km will increase

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6
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibition

A

when an inhibitor binds at an allosteric site.
Vmax will decrease

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7
Q

Electronegativity

A

the ability for an atom to pull e- towards itself. it increases from L to right across a period and up a group

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8
Q

Atomic Radius

A

the size of a neutral element; cations< neutral < anions
it increases R to L across a period and down a group

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9
Q

Effective Nuclear Charge Zeff

A

the attractive charge a valence e- feels from the nucleus. increases L to R across a period and up a group

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10
Q

Electron Affinity

A

a measure of the E released when an atom gains an e-. increase L to R across a period and up a group

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11
Q

Ionization E

A

the E required to remove an e-. increases L to R across a period and up a group

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12
Q

Newtons 1st law

A

an object at rest will remain at rest or in constant motion unless acted upon by a force

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13
Q

Newtons 2nd Law

A

any acceleration is a result of a net force. F=ma

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14
Q

Newtons 3rd Law

A

every action has an opposite and equal rxn. F(a on b) = -F(b on a)

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15
Q

Stage 1 of Sleep

A

light sleep shows theta waves on an EEG

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16
Q

Stage 2 of Sleep

A

slightly deeper sleep shows theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes on an EEG

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17
Q

Stage 3/4 of Sleep

A

deep sleep shows delta waves on an EEG

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18
Q

REM Sleep

A

brain activity shows beta waves on EEG

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19
Q

Alertness

A

the state of being awake and able to think shows beta waves on EEG

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20
Q

James-Lange

A

states that physiological arousal leads to emotions

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21
Q

Cannon-Bard

A

states that emotional and physiological responses to stimuli occur simultaneously in separate and independent parts of the brain

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22
Q

Schacter-Singer

A

states that physiological arousal and a cognitive label of the context lead to emotion

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23
Q

If -∆H and + ∆S then

A

the rxn is spontaneous at all temps

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24
Q

If -∆H and - ∆S then

A

the rxn is spontaneous at low temps

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25
Q

If + ∆H and + ∆S then

A

the rxn is spontaneous at high temps

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26
Q

If + ∆H and - ∆S then

A

the rxn is nonspontaneous at all temps

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27
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

a decrease is seen in the middle of phenotypes with the ends favored

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28
Q

Directional Selection

A

when one extreme phenotype is favored

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29
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

when the middle phenotype is favored

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30
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

releases mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgens (test, pht, dhea). helps the body to prepare for long periods of stress. LOST AT C

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31
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine. increases heart rate and activates SNS. MALLARD takes FLIGHT

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32
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

releases LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphins, and growth hormone. FLAT PEG

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33
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

releases adh and oxytocin

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34
Q

Metallic Character

A

increases as you move down a group

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35
Q

Energy levels PT

A

increase as you move down a group

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36
Q

linear structure

A

2 e- pairs, sp hybridization, and 180°

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37
Q

trigonal planar structure

A

3 e- pairs, sp2 hybridization and 120°

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38
Q

tetrahedral structure

A

4 e- pairs, sp3 hybridization and 109.5°

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39
Q

trigonal pyramidal structure

A

5 e- pairs, sp3d hybridization and 90°/120°

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40
Q

octahedral

A

6 e- pairs, sp3d2 hybridization and 90°

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41
Q

Schwann cells

A

make myelin in the PNS

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42
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

make myelin in the CNS

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43
Q

ependymal cells

A

line the cerebral cavities/central canal and produce CSF

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44
Q

microglia

A

protect the CNS from microbes and debris of injured cells

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45
Q

astrocytes

A

form the blood-brain barrier and aid in solute transport

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46
Q

efferent neurons

A

carry info from the CNS to the PNS. (EXIT spinal cord)

47
Q

afferent neurons

A

carry info from the PNS to the CNS. (ASCEND the spinal cord)

48
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

locate and kill cells that contain antigens bound to MHC-1 proteins

49
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

inhibit the activity of both b and t cells

50
Q

Helper T cells

A

secrete cytokines which increase the activity of immune cells through the release of chemical messengers

51
Q

Innate Immune System

A

the nonspecific line of defense against infection includes skin, stomach acid, mucus, etc. is always active

52
Q

Adaptive Immune System

A

the specific line of defense that is activated

53
Q

Antibodies

A

made by B-cells (produced in bone marrow) have 2 light/heavy chains, each with a constant and variable region

54
Q

Distillation

A

a separates solutes using boiling points

55
Q

Simple distillation

A

used when there are large differences in BP

56
Q

Fractional Distillation

A

a more purifying distillation, used when there are small differences in BP between solutes

57
Q

Isoelectric Focusing

A

a gel electrophoresis technique that separates based on charge.

58
Q

SDS Page

A

a gel electrophoresis technique that separates based on size

59
Q

TLC

A

Thin-layer chromatography. separates compounds by polarity. nonpolar m/c will have the lowest retention

60
Q

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

A

separates proteins by the net charge (pI). the column will either have pos or neg charged beads. charges attract opp, same charge as beads will elute first.

61
Q

Visible light spectrum

A

380nm - 700nm
violet blue cyan green yellow orange red
each section is ROUGHLY about 50nm except blue which is double

62
Q

Covalent bonds

A

occurs when elements share e-

63
Q

Noncovalent bonds

A

occurs when atoms are attracted to partial opposite charges ex: H bonds

64
Q

Nonpolar covalent bonds

A

occurs when elements sharing e- have similar electronegativities

65
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

occurs when elements sharing e- have large differences in electronegativities

66
Q

adiabatic process

A

no heat transfer

67
Q

isobaric process

A

pressure is constant

68
Q

isothermic

A

temp is constant

69
Q

isovolmetric (isoconic)

A

volume is constant

70
Q

amino acids are positively charged at physiological pH

A

lysine, histidine, and arginine

71
Q

amino acids that are negatively charged at physiological pH

A

glutamic and aspartic acid

72
Q

essential amino acids

A

histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
(f t k w m v i h)

73
Q

A and T in DNA Structure

A

will bond with 2 H-bonds. less stable

74
Q

G and C in DNA Structure

A

will bond with 3 H-bonds. more stable

75
Q

Glycosylation

A

the process in which the golgi apparatus modifies a protein or lipid by covalently adding a carbohydrate

76
Q

cofactor

A

an inorganic m/c or metal cation needed for proper enzyme activity

77
Q

coenzyme

A

an organic m/c that is necessary for enzyme activity

78
Q

Finding Km from the Lineweaver-Burk Plot

A

-1/x-intercept OR (slope)(1/y-intercept)

79
Q

Kcat

A

is the “turnover number” the number of substrate m/c converted into products by the enzyme per second

80
Q

Catalytic Efficiency

A

Kcat/Km. relates how efficient the enzyme is

81
Q

Hardy Weinburg Eq

A

p2+2pq+q2=1 phenotype frequencies
p+q=1 allele frequencies
the eq describes how inheritance does not change allele frequencies in a population

82
Q

Hydrocarbon BP

A

dependent on length and branching; the MORE branched the LOWER the BP, the LONGER the chain the HIGHER the BP

83
Q

Autocrine Signaling

A

when a cell sends a signal to itself

84
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

when a cell sends a signal to another cell

85
Q

Juxtacrine Signaling

A

when a signal is sent via cell junctions

86
Q

Separation of Compound Distillation

A

1) aqueous; made up of polar compounds
2)Interphase: made of compounds that have both polar and nonpolar parts ex: Proteins
3) organic: made up of nonpolar compounds

87
Q

Anabolic rxn

A

build 1 large molecule from smaller ones

88
Q

Catabolic rxn

A

breaks a large molecule into smaller ones

89
Q

Amylase

A

digests carbohydrates

90
Q

Lipase

A

digests fats

91
Q

Protease

A

breaks down proteins

92
Q

-Bacillus Bacteria

A

rod-shaped

93
Q

-Cocci Bacteria

A

sphere-shaped

94
Q

-Spirilla Bacteria

A

spiral-shaped

95
Q

Path of Urine

A

Bowmans Space –> Proximal Convoluted Tubule –> Descending loop of Henle –> Ascending loop of H –> Distal Convoluted Tubule –> Collecting Ducts –> Renal Pelvis –> Uerters –> Bladder –> Urethra

96
Q

Path of Blood

A

IVC –> R atrium –> R ventricle –> Pulmonary Artery –> Lungs –> Pulmonary Vein –> L Atrium –> L ventricle

97
Q

Punishments

A

decrease the behavior it is associated with

98
Q

Reinforcements

A

increase the behavior it is associated with

99
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

reinforcement is given after a certain number of responses

100
Q

Fixed Interval

A

reinforcement is given after a specific time

101
Q

Variable Ratio

A

reinforcement is given after a random amount of responses

102
Q

Variable Interval

A

reinforcement is given after a random amount of time has passed

103
Q

Activation of an Action Potential

A

the release of a neurotransmitter that binds to the ligand-gated channel

104
Q

Depolarization AP

A

sodium channels open and Na+ rushes in, making the potential more positive

105
Q

Repolarization AP

A

Na+ channels close, K+ channels open, K+ leaves the cell making the potential less positive

106
Q

Restoration and Maintenance of the resting potential

A

relies of the Na+/K+ Pump which reestablishes the -70mV potential by 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ that come into the cell

107
Q

Implicit Memory

A

nondeclarative and unconscious

108
Q

Procedural Memory

A

a type of implicit memory associated with skills or tasks

109
Q

Explicit Memory

A

declarative and conscious

110
Q

Episodic Memory

A

(declarative) a type of explicit memory that deals with events/experiences

111
Q

Semantic Memory

A

(declarative) a type of explicit memory that deals with facts/concepts

112
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

small nonpolar m/c derived from cholesterol
ex: test, estrogen, progestrogen, aldosterone

113
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

are protein derived m/c modified by the golgi; polar
ex: Insulin, TSH

114
Q

Amino Acid Hormones

A

have both steroid and peptide characteristics, derived from amino acids
ex: epinephrine

MCAT Prep (2 decks)

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