Most Missed Flashcards
Vmax
the maximum rate of a rxn
Km
the amount of substrate needed for the enzyme to work at 1/2 Vmax
A high Km means
a low enzyme-substrate affinity
A low Km means
a high enzyme-substrate affinity
Competitive Inhibition
when an inhibitor binds directly to the active site.
Km will increase
Noncompetitive Inhibition
when an inhibitor binds at an allosteric site.
Vmax will decrease
Electronegativity
the ability for an atom to pull e- towards itself. it increases from L to right across a period and up a group
Atomic Radius
the size of a neutral element; cations< neutral < anions
it increases R to L across a period and down a group
Effective Nuclear Charge Zeff
the attractive charge a valence e- feels from the nucleus. increases L to R across a period and up a group
Electron Affinity
a measure of the E released when an atom gains an e-. increase L to R across a period and up a group
Ionization E
the E required to remove an e-. increases L to R across a period and up a group
Newtons 1st law
an object at rest will remain at rest or in constant motion unless acted upon by a force
Newtons 2nd Law
any acceleration is a result of a net force. F=ma
Newtons 3rd Law
every action has an opposite and equal rxn. F(a on b) = -F(b on a)
Stage 1 of Sleep
light sleep shows theta waves on an EEG
Stage 2 of Sleep
slightly deeper sleep shows theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes on an EEG
Stage 3/4 of Sleep
deep sleep shows delta waves on an EEG
REM Sleep
brain activity shows beta waves on EEG
Alertness
the state of being awake and able to think shows beta waves on EEG
James-Lange
states that physiological arousal leads to emotions
Cannon-Bard
states that emotional and physiological responses to stimuli occur simultaneously in separate and independent parts of the brain
Schacter-Singer
states that physiological arousal and a cognitive label of the context lead to emotion
If -∆H and + ∆S then
the rxn is spontaneous at all temps
If -∆H and - ∆S then
the rxn is spontaneous at low temps
If + ∆H and + ∆S then
the rxn is spontaneous at high temps
If + ∆H and - ∆S then
the rxn is nonspontaneous at all temps
Disruptive Selection
a decrease is seen in the middle of phenotypes with the ends favored
Directional Selection
when one extreme phenotype is favored
Stabilizing Selection
when the middle phenotype is favored
Adrenal Cortex
releases mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgens (test, pht, dhea). helps the body to prepare for long periods of stress. LOST AT C
Adrenal medulla
releases epinephrine and norepinephrine. increases heart rate and activates SNS. MALLARD takes FLIGHT
Anterior Pituitary Gland
releases LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphins, and growth hormone. FLAT PEG
Posterior Pituitary Gland
releases adh and oxytocin
Metallic Character
increases as you move down a group
Energy levels PT
increase as you move down a group
linear structure
2 e- pairs, sp hybridization, and 180°
trigonal planar structure
3 e- pairs, sp2 hybridization and 120°
tetrahedral structure
4 e- pairs, sp3 hybridization and 109.5°
trigonal pyramidal structure
5 e- pairs, sp3d hybridization and 90°/120°
octahedral
6 e- pairs, sp3d2 hybridization and 90°
Schwann cells
make myelin in the PNS
oligodendrocytes
make myelin in the CNS
ependymal cells
line the cerebral cavities/central canal and produce CSF
microglia
protect the CNS from microbes and debris of injured cells
astrocytes
form the blood-brain barrier and aid in solute transport
efferent neurons
carry info from the CNS to the PNS. (EXIT spinal cord)
afferent neurons
carry info from the PNS to the CNS. (ASCEND the spinal cord)
Cytotoxic T cells
locate and kill cells that contain antigens bound to MHC-1 proteins
Suppressor T cells
inhibit the activity of both b and t cells
Helper T cells
secrete cytokines which increase the activity of immune cells through the release of chemical messengers
Innate Immune System
the nonspecific line of defense against infection includes skin, stomach acid, mucus, etc. is always active
Adaptive Immune System
the specific line of defense that is activated
Antibodies
made by B-cells (produced in bone marrow) have 2 light/heavy chains, each with a constant and variable region
Distillation
a separates solutes using boiling points
Simple distillation
used when there are large differences in BP
Fractional Distillation
a more purifying distillation, used when there are small differences in BP between solutes
Isoelectric Focusing
a gel electrophoresis technique that separates based on charge.
SDS Page
a gel electrophoresis technique that separates based on size
TLC
Thin-layer chromatography. separates compounds by polarity. nonpolar m/c will have the lowest retention
Ion-Exchange Chromatography
separates proteins by the net charge (pI). the column will either have pos or neg charged beads. charges attract opp, same charge as beads will elute first.
Visible light spectrum
380nm - 700nm
violet blue cyan green yellow orange red
each section is ROUGHLY about 50nm except blue which is double
Covalent bonds
occurs when elements share e-
Noncovalent bonds
occurs when atoms are attracted to partial opposite charges ex: H bonds
Nonpolar covalent bonds
occurs when elements sharing e- have similar electronegativities
Polar covalent bonds
occurs when elements sharing e- have large differences in electronegativities
adiabatic process
no heat transfer
isobaric process
pressure is constant
isothermic
temp is constant
isovolmetric (isoconic)
volume is constant
amino acids are positively charged at physiological pH
lysine, histidine, and arginine
amino acids that are negatively charged at physiological pH
glutamic and aspartic acid
essential amino acids
histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
(f t k w m v i h)
A and T in DNA Structure
will bond with 2 H-bonds. less stable
G and C in DNA Structure
will bond with 3 H-bonds. more stable
Glycosylation
the process in which the golgi apparatus modifies a protein or lipid by covalently adding a carbohydrate
cofactor
an inorganic m/c or metal cation needed for proper enzyme activity
coenzyme
an organic m/c that is necessary for enzyme activity
Finding Km from the Lineweaver-Burk Plot
-1/x-intercept OR (slope)(1/y-intercept)
Kcat
is the “turnover number” the number of substrate m/c converted into products by the enzyme per second
Catalytic Efficiency
Kcat/Km. relates how efficient the enzyme is
Hardy Weinburg Eq
p2+2pq+q2=1 phenotype frequencies
p+q=1 allele frequencies
the eq describes how inheritance does not change allele frequencies in a population
Hydrocarbon BP
dependent on length and branching; the MORE branched the LOWER the BP, the LONGER the chain the HIGHER the BP
Autocrine Signaling
when a cell sends a signal to itself
Paracrine Signaling
when a cell sends a signal to another cell
Juxtacrine Signaling
when a signal is sent via cell junctions
Separation of Compound Distillation
1) aqueous; made up of polar compounds
2)Interphase: made of compounds that have both polar and nonpolar parts ex: Proteins
3) organic: made up of nonpolar compounds
Anabolic rxn
build 1 large molecule from smaller ones
Catabolic rxn
breaks a large molecule into smaller ones
Amylase
digests carbohydrates
Lipase
digests fats
Protease
breaks down proteins
-Bacillus Bacteria
rod-shaped
-Cocci Bacteria
sphere-shaped
-Spirilla Bacteria
spiral-shaped
Path of Urine
Bowmans Space –> Proximal Convoluted Tubule –> Descending loop of Henle –> Ascending loop of H –> Distal Convoluted Tubule –> Collecting Ducts –> Renal Pelvis –> Uerters –> Bladder –> Urethra
Path of Blood
IVC –> R atrium –> R ventricle –> Pulmonary Artery –> Lungs –> Pulmonary Vein –> L Atrium –> L ventricle
Punishments
decrease the behavior it is associated with
Reinforcements
increase the behavior it is associated with
Fixed Ratio
reinforcement is given after a certain number of responses
Fixed Interval
reinforcement is given after a specific time
Variable Ratio
reinforcement is given after a random amount of responses
Variable Interval
reinforcement is given after a random amount of time has passed
Activation of an Action Potential
the release of a neurotransmitter that binds to the ligand-gated channel
Depolarization AP
sodium channels open and Na+ rushes in, making the potential more positive
Repolarization AP
Na+ channels close, K+ channels open, K+ leaves the cell making the potential less positive
Restoration and Maintenance of the resting potential
relies of the Na+/K+ Pump which reestablishes the -70mV potential by 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ that come into the cell
Implicit Memory
nondeclarative and unconscious
Procedural Memory
a type of implicit memory associated with skills or tasks
Explicit Memory
declarative and conscious
Episodic Memory
(declarative) a type of explicit memory that deals with events/experiences
Semantic Memory
(declarative) a type of explicit memory that deals with facts/concepts
Steroid Hormones
small nonpolar m/c derived from cholesterol
ex: test, estrogen, progestrogen, aldosterone
Peptide Hormones
are protein derived m/c modified by the golgi; polar
ex: Insulin, TSH
Amino Acid Hormones
have both steroid and peptide characteristics, derived from amino acids
ex: epinephrine
