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Most Missed Flashcards

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1
Q

Vmax

A

the maximum rate of a rxn

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2
Q

Km

A

the amount of substrate needed for the enzyme to work at 1/2 Vmax

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3
Q

A high Km means

A

a low enzyme-substrate affinity

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4
Q

A low Km means

A

a high enzyme-substrate affinity

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5
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

when an inhibitor binds directly to the active site.
Km will increase

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6
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibition

A

when an inhibitor binds at an allosteric site.
Vmax will decrease

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7
Q

Electronegativity

A

the ability for an atom to pull e- towards itself. it increases from L to right across a period and up a group

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8
Q

Atomic Radius

A

the size of a neutral element; cations< neutral < anions
it increases R to L across a period and down a group

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9
Q

Effective Nuclear Charge Zeff

A

the attractive charge a valence e- feels from the nucleus. increases L to R across a period and up a group

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10
Q

Electron Affinity

A

a measure of the E released when an atom gains an e-. increase L to R across a period and up a group

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11
Q

Ionization E

A

the E required to remove an e-. increases L to R across a period and up a group

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12
Q

Newtons 1st law

A

an object at rest will remain at rest or in constant motion unless acted upon by a force

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13
Q

Newtons 2nd Law

A

any acceleration is a result of a net force. F=ma

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14
Q

Newtons 3rd Law

A

every action has an opposite and equal rxn. F(a on b) = -F(b on a)

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15
Q

Stage 1 of Sleep

A

light sleep shows theta waves on an EEG

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16
Q

Stage 2 of Sleep

A

slightly deeper sleep shows theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes on an EEG

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17
Q

Stage 3/4 of Sleep

A

deep sleep shows delta waves on an EEG

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18
Q

REM Sleep

A

brain activity shows beta waves on EEG

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19
Q

Alertness

A

the state of being awake and able to think shows beta waves on EEG

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20
Q

James-Lange

A

states that physiological arousal leads to emotions

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21
Q

Cannon-Bard

A

states that emotional and physiological responses to stimuli occur simultaneously in separate and independent parts of the brain

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22
Q

Schacter-Singer

A

states that physiological arousal and a cognitive label of the context lead to emotion

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23
Q

If -∆H and + ∆S then

A

the rxn is spontaneous at all temps

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24
Q

If -∆H and - ∆S then

A

the rxn is spontaneous at low temps

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25
If + ∆H and + ∆S then
the rxn is spontaneous at high temps
26
If + ∆H and - ∆S then
the rxn is nonspontaneous at all temps
27
Disruptive Selection
a decrease is seen in the middle of phenotypes with the ends favored
28
Directional Selection
when one extreme phenotype is favored
29
Stabilizing Selection
when the middle phenotype is favored
30
Adrenal Cortex
releases mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgens (test, pht, dhea). helps the body to prepare for long periods of stress. LOST AT C
31
Adrenal medulla
releases epinephrine and norepinephrine. increases heart rate and activates SNS. MALLARD takes FLIGHT
32
Anterior Pituitary Gland
releases LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphins, and growth hormone. FLAT PEG
33
Posterior Pituitary Gland
releases adh and oxytocin
34
Metallic Character
increases as you move down a group
35
Energy levels PT
increase as you move down a group
36
linear structure
2 e- pairs, sp hybridization, and 180°
37
trigonal planar structure
3 e- pairs, sp2 hybridization and 120°
38
tetrahedral structure
4 e- pairs, sp3 hybridization and 109.5°
39
trigonal pyramidal structure
5 e- pairs, sp3d hybridization and 90°/120°
40
octahedral
6 e- pairs, sp3d2 hybridization and 90°
41
Schwann cells
make myelin in the PNS
42
oligodendrocytes
make myelin in the CNS
43
ependymal cells
line the cerebral cavities/central canal and produce CSF
44
microglia
protect the CNS from microbes and debris of injured cells
45
astrocytes
form the blood-brain barrier and aid in solute transport
46
efferent neurons
carry info from the CNS to the PNS. (EXIT spinal cord)
47
afferent neurons
carry info from the PNS to the CNS. (ASCEND the spinal cord)
48
Cytotoxic T cells
locate and kill cells that contain antigens bound to MHC-1 proteins
49
Suppressor T cells
inhibit the activity of both b and t cells
50
Helper T cells
secrete cytokines which increase the activity of immune cells through the release of chemical messengers
51
Innate Immune System
the nonspecific line of defense against infection includes skin, stomach acid, mucus, etc. is always active
52
Adaptive Immune System
the specific line of defense that is activated
53
Antibodies
made by B-cells (produced in bone marrow) have 2 light/heavy chains, each with a constant and variable region
54
Distillation
a separates solutes using boiling points
55
Simple distillation
used when there are large differences in BP
56
Fractional Distillation
a more purifying distillation, used when there are small differences in BP between solutes
57
Isoelectric Focusing
a gel electrophoresis technique that separates based on charge.
58
SDS Page
a gel electrophoresis technique that separates based on size
59
TLC
Thin-layer chromatography. separates compounds by polarity. nonpolar m/c will have the lowest retention
60
Ion-Exchange Chromatography
separates proteins by the net charge (pI). the column will either have pos or neg charged beads. charges attract opp, same charge as beads will elute first.
61
Visible light spectrum
380nm - 700nm violet blue cyan green yellow orange red each section is ROUGHLY about 50nm except blue which is double
62
Covalent bonds
occurs when elements share e-
63
Noncovalent bonds
occurs when atoms are attracted to partial opposite charges ex: H bonds
64
Nonpolar covalent bonds
occurs when elements sharing e- have similar electronegativities
65
Polar covalent bonds
occurs when elements sharing e- have large differences in electronegativities
66
adiabatic process
no heat transfer
67
isobaric process
pressure is constant
68
isothermic
temp is constant
69
isovolmetric (isoconic)
volume is constant
70
amino acids are positively charged at physiological pH
lysine, histidine, and arginine
71
amino acids that are negatively charged at physiological pH
glutamic and aspartic acid
72
essential amino acids
histidine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine (f t k w m v i h)
73
A and T in DNA Structure
will bond with 2 H-bonds. less stable
74
G and C in DNA Structure
will bond with 3 H-bonds. more stable
75
Glycosylation
the process in which the golgi apparatus modifies a protein or lipid by covalently adding a carbohydrate
76
cofactor
an inorganic m/c or metal cation needed for proper enzyme activity
77
coenzyme
an organic m/c that is necessary for enzyme activity
78
Finding Km from the Lineweaver-Burk Plot
-1/x-intercept OR (slope)(1/y-intercept)
79
Kcat
is the "turnover number" the number of substrate m/c converted into products by the enzyme per second
80
Catalytic Efficiency
Kcat/Km. relates how efficient the enzyme is
81
Hardy Weinburg Eq
p2+2pq+q2=1 phenotype frequencies p+q=1 allele frequencies the eq describes how inheritance does not change allele frequencies in a population
82
Hydrocarbon BP
dependent on length and branching; the MORE branched the LOWER the BP, the LONGER the chain the HIGHER the BP
83
Autocrine Signaling
when a cell sends a signal to itself
84
Paracrine Signaling
when a cell sends a signal to another cell
85
Juxtacrine Signaling
when a signal is sent via cell junctions
86
Separation of Compound Distillation
1) aqueous; made up of polar compounds 2)Interphase: made of compounds that have both polar and nonpolar parts ex: Proteins 3) organic: made up of nonpolar compounds
87
Anabolic rxn
build 1 large molecule from smaller ones
88
Catabolic rxn
breaks a large molecule into smaller ones
89
Amylase
digests carbohydrates
90
Lipase
digests fats
91
Protease
breaks down proteins
92
-Bacillus Bacteria
rod-shaped
93
-Cocci Bacteria
sphere-shaped
94
-Spirilla Bacteria
spiral-shaped
95
Path of Urine
Bowmans Space --> Proximal Convoluted Tubule --> Descending loop of Henle --> Ascending loop of H --> Distal Convoluted Tubule --> Collecting Ducts --> Renal Pelvis --> Uerters --> Bladder --> Urethra
96
Path of Blood
IVC --> R atrium --> R ventricle --> Pulmonary Artery --> Lungs --> Pulmonary Vein --> L Atrium --> L ventricle
97
Punishments
decrease the behavior it is associated with
98
Reinforcements
increase the behavior it is associated with
99
Fixed Ratio
reinforcement is given after a certain number of responses
100
Fixed Interval
reinforcement is given after a specific time
101
Variable Ratio
reinforcement is given after a random amount of responses
102
Variable Interval
reinforcement is given after a random amount of time has passed
103
Activation of an Action Potential
the release of a neurotransmitter that binds to the ligand-gated channel
104
Depolarization AP
sodium channels open and Na+ rushes in, making the potential more positive
105
Repolarization AP
Na+ channels close, K+ channels open, K+ leaves the cell making the potential less positive
106
Restoration and Maintenance of the resting potential
relies of the Na+/K+ Pump which reestablishes the -70mV potential by 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ that come into the cell
107
Implicit Memory
nondeclarative and unconscious
108
Procedural Memory
a type of implicit memory associated with skills or tasks
109
Explicit Memory
declarative and conscious
110
Episodic Memory
(declarative) a type of explicit memory that deals with events/experiences
111
Semantic Memory
(declarative) a type of explicit memory that deals with facts/concepts
112
Steroid Hormones
small nonpolar m/c derived from cholesterol ex: test, estrogen, progestrogen, aldosterone
113
Peptide Hormones
are protein derived m/c modified by the golgi; polar ex: Insulin, TSH
114
Amino Acid Hormones
have both steroid and peptide characteristics, derived from amino acids ex: epinephrine

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