MOSt impt

Question 1

prevalence equation

Answer 1

cases / total # people in population

Question 2

incidence equation

Answer 2

cases / # people at risk

Question 3

5-alpha-reductase job

Answer 3

convert testosterone to DHT

Question 4

aromatase job

Answer 4

excess testosterone converted to estradiol

Question 5

List all 7 neutrophil chemotactic factors (must know main 3)

Answer 5

1. C5a
2. IL-8
3. LTB4
4. 5-HETE (Leukotriene precursor)
5. kallikrein
6. platelet activating factor
7. N-fmet (bact)

Question 6

2 possible diagnoses for ring-enhancing lesions in a HIV/AIDs patient

Answer 6

1. Toxoplasmosis

2. Primary CNS (B-cell) Lymphoma

Question 7

Electrolyte disturbances from taking Thiazide diuretics. what happens to

1. sodium
2. potassium
3. Glucose
4. Uric acid

Answer 7

low sodium and low potassium

high glucose and high uric acid

Question 8

pre-central gyrus vs post-central gyrus, which is motor which is sensory?

Answer 8

pre-central –> motor

post-central –> sensory

Question 9

zero order kinetics vs first order kinetics

Answer 9

Zero order kinetics:
constant rate of elimination, independent of drug concentration. Graph is linear

First-order kinetics
rate of elimination is proportional to drug concentration, so there’s constant FRACTION eliminated per unit time. Graph decreases exponentially

Question 10

Describe the graph of a competitive antagonist

Answer 10

same Vmax (efficacy), different starting point less potent

Question 11

Describe the graph of a non-competitive antagonist

Answer 11

reduced Vmax (efficacy), same starting point.

Question 12

Clotting factor in extrinsic coagulation cascade

Answer 12

factor VII

Question 13

CD40-ligand is expressed on which cell?

Answer 13

B-cell

Question 14

Which cells express RANK-ligand?

Which cells express RANK/NFKB?

Answer 14

RANK-ligand is on oteoBlasts

RANK/NFKB is on osteoClasts

Question 15

How do you distinguish between pleural effusion vs pneumonia on lung auscultation using:

• Percussion
• Tactile fremitus

Answer 15

both show dullness to percussion

Pleural effusions has decreased fremitus
Pneumonia has increased fremitus

Question 16

Diabetes drug that affects PPAR?

Answer 16

pioglitazone

Question 17

What do you know about Pioglitazone

Answer 17

• Anti-hyperglycemic drug used in the treatment of type II diabetes
• Activates PPAR-gamma to increase insulin sensitivity and levels of adiponectin
• Regulates fatty acid storage
• May cause weight gain, edema, heart failure

Question 18

Uterine artery is a branch of what?

Answer 18

Internal iliac Artery

Question 19

What does DHT do?

Answer 19

responsible for the development of male external genatalia

Question 20

What happens when DHT is deficient?

Blockade of which enzyme will cause this?

Answer 20

DHT responsible for development of male external genitalia

5-alpha-reductase deficiency results in low levels of DHT
–> only affects 46, XY (not XX) and they either are born with ambiguous genitalia or appear phenotypically female. They will have normal male internal genitalia

Question 21

Auer rods seen in which leukemia?

Answer 21

AML

Question 22

Which leukemia do you treat with vitamin A?

Answer 22

AML (has Auer rods)

Question 23

Most susceptible part of kidney to ischemia

Answer 23

PCT and TAL

Question 24

Which diuretics cause hypokalemia

Answer 24

Loops and thiazides

Question 25

Hyper IgM syndrome?

Answer 25

``` Deficient CD40-ligand on B-cells (but normal level of actual B-cells) --> so can't class switch from IgM to make IgA or IgG ```

Question 26

Which drug blocks 5-alpha-reductase?

Answer 26

Finesteride

Question 27

Which clotting factor is deficient in Hemophilia A

Answer 27

factor VIII

Question 28

In which part of the cell do post-transcriptional modifications take place?

Answer 28

inside the nucleus

Question 29

What classification of receptor does vitamin D bind

Answer 29

nuclear receptor

Question 30

Lactic acidosis consumes _____ and makes ______?

Answer 30

consumes NADH and makes NAD+

Question 31

Function of astrocytes

Answer 31

uptake amino acid neurotransmitters like glutamate, GABA, glycine)

Question 32

Function of microglial cells

Answer 32

phagocytosis of recycled synaptic terminal membrane

Question 33

Lymph from the cervix drains to which nodes?

Answer 33

Internal iliac nodes

Question 34

Lymph from which structures drain into the Internal Iliac nodes?

Answer 34

- cervix - bladder - prostate - anal canal above pectinate line

Question 35

Lymph from which structures drain into the superficial inguinal nodes?

Answer 35

- labia majora and vulva, - Scrotum - anal canal below the pectinate line