Most Common Flashcards
Most commonly used risk factor for determining screening and prevention recommendations
Age
Most common adverse event in health care, based in the Harvard Medical Practice Study
Adverse drug events (19%)
Most common pharmacological intervention for anticipatory nausea
Benzodiazepine, such as lorazepam
Most common symptom that brings a patient to a physician’s attention
Pain
Most commonly used analgesics
COX inhibitors
Most common error made by physicians in managing severe pain with opioids
To prescribe an inadequate dose
Most common emotional disturbance in patients with chronic pain
Depression
Most common diagnoses in patients in the ED who present with chest discomfort
Gastrointestinal causes
Most common cause of nontraumatic chest discomfort
Gastrointestinal disorders
Most common cause of unresponsiveness to treatment of chronic daily headache
Use of a preventive when analgesics continue to be used regularly
(It must be emphasized that preventives often do not work in the presence of analgesic overuse.)
Most common cause of headache due to persistent low CSF volume
CSF leak following lumbar puncture
Most common cause of disability in individuals <45 years of age
Back symptoms
Most common neurologic symptom in patients with systemic cancer and is the presenting symptom in 20%
Back pain
Most common cause of nontraumatic vertebral body fractures
Postmenopausal or senile osteoporosis
Most common cause of persistent low back pain in adolescents
Spondylolosis
Most common cause of arachnoiditis in developing countries
Prior spine infection
Most common cause of arachnoiditis in developed countries
Multiple lumbar spine surgeries
Roots most commonly affected in cervical radiculopathies
C6 and C7
Extraordinarily high fevers (>41.5C) most commonly occurs in patients with
Central nervous system hemorrhages
Most common type of skin eruption
Centrally distributed rashes, in which lesions are primarily truncal
Most common drug reaction manifestation
Exanthematous drug-induced eruptions
Most common age group affected by exanthem subitum (roseola), which is caused by human herpesvirus 6
Children <3 years of age
Most common cause of hand-foot-and-mouth disease
Coxsackievirus A16 or Enterovirus 71
Most common age group affected by erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), which is caused by human parvovirus B19
Children 3-12 years old
Most common age group and sex affected by SLE
Middle-aged women
Most common age group affected by scarlet fever (second disease), which is caused by Group A Streptococcus
Children 2-10 years old
Most common season of varicella (chickenpox)
Late winter and spring
Most commonly affected body areas in ecthyma gangrenosum, which is caused by P. aeruginosa
Axillary, groin, perianal regions
Most commonly affected body areas of the purpuric eruptions in acute meningococcemia, which is caused by N. meningitidis
Trunk and extremities
Most common population affected by acute meningococcemia
Children, individuals with asplenia, or terminal complement component deficiency (C5-C8)
Most common diagnosis of FUO among the neoplasms
Malignant lymphoma
Most common infectious disease associated with FUO in elderly patients
Tuberculosis
Most common cause of syncope in population-based studies
Neurally mediated syncope
Most common cause of acquired QT interval prolongation
Drugs
Most commonly used procedure for posterior canal BPPV
Epley maneuver
Most common medication that causes bilateral vestibular hypofunction
Gentamicin, or other aminoglycoside antibiotics
Disease entity most commonly observed in veterans of the 1991 Gulf war conflict
Chronic multisymptom illness, also known as Gulf-war syndrome
Most common cause of acute paraparesis
Intraspinal lesion
Most common body part where the ulnar nerve is injured which leads to the characteristic dysesthesia that is restricted to the 5th digit and the adjacent 1/2 of the 4th finger on one hand
Elbow
Most common cause of frontal gait disorder
Vascular disease, particularly subcortical small-vessel disease in the deep frontal white matter and centrum ovale
The cognitive function most commonly lost in dementia
Episodic memory, the ability to recall events specific in time and place
Most common cause of dementia in Western countries
Alzheimer’s disease
Three most common potentially reversible causes of dementia
1) Depression
2) Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)
3) Alcohol dependence
Single most common finding in aphasic patients
Deficit of naming (anomia)
Lesion site most commonly associated with Wernicke’s aphasia caused by CVAs
Posterior portion of the language network
Most common etiology of Wernicke’s aphasia
Embolus to the inferior division or angular branches of the middle cerebral artery (MCA)
Single most common language disturbance seen in head trauma, metabolic encephalopathy, and Alzheimer’s disease
Anomic aphasia
(Articulation, comprehension, and repetition are intact, but confrontation naming, word finding, and spelling are impaired.)
Most common causes of pure word deafness (patient reacts to speech as if it were in an alien tongue that cannot be deciphered; have no difficulty understanding written language and can express themselves well in spoken or written language)
Bilateral or left-sided MCA strokes affecting the superior temporal gyrus
Most common subtype of primary progressive aphasia (PPA) that is associated with the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease
Logopenic PPA
(Preserved syntax and comprehension but frequent and severe word-finding causes, anomia, circumlocutions, and simplifications during spontaneous speech.)
Most common cause of progressive memory impairments in the elderly
Alzheimer’s disease
Single most common behavioral profile associated with a variety of bilateral multifocal brain diseases, including metabolic encephalopathy, multiple sclerosis, and vitamin B12 deficiency
Frontal lobe syndrome, usually of the abulic form (p166)
Probably the most common cause of excessive daytime sleepiness
Insufficient sleep
Most commonly prescribed alternatives to benzodiazepine receptor agonists due to their lack of abuse potential and lower cost
Heterocyclic antidepressants (trazodone, amitriptyline, and doxepin) (p174)
Most common age group that experiences sleepwalking
Children and adolescents, when deep NREM sleep is most abundant (p174)
Most common cause of a red, irritated eye
Conjunctivitis (p182)
Most common viral etiology of conjunctivitis
Adenovirus infection (p182)
Most common source of emboli that cause amaurosis fugax
Atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid artery or aorta (p183)
Most common form of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION)
Nonarteritic form (p184)
Most common cause of blindness in the world
Cataract (p187)
Most common age group affected by epiretinal membrane
Patients aged >50 years
Most common primary tumor of the eye
Melanoma
Most common cause of internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Multiple sclerosis
Most common etiology of vertical gaze
Distal basilar artery ischemia
Most common form of jerk nystagmus
Gaze-evoked nystagmus
Three most common identifiable cause of long-lasting or permanent smell loss seen in the clinic (in order of frequency)
Severe upper respiratory tract infections
Head trauma
Chronic rhinosinusitis
Most common cause of sensorineural hearing loss in adults
Presbycusis (age-associated hearing loss)
Most common pathogens in community-acquired acute rhinosinusitis
S. pneumoniae and nontypable Haemophilus influenzae
Most common sinus affected in rhinosinusitis
Maxillary sinus
Most common pathogens in perichondritis
P. aeruginosa and S. aureus
Most common cause of chronic otitis externa
Persistent drainage from a chronic middle-ear infection which causes repeated local irritation
Most common pathogen in invasive otitis externa
P. aeruginosa
Most common presenting symptom of oropharyngeal infections
Sore throat
Most common cause of acute pharyngitis
Rhinoviruses (~20%)
Most common teeth that causes Ludwig angina (a rapidly progressive, potentially fulminant form of cellulitis that involves the bilateral sublingual and submandibular spaces and that typically originates from an infected ore recently extracted tooth)
Lower 2nd or 3rd molar
Most common cause of death in Ludwig angina
Asphyxiation
Most common cause of epiglottitis in adults and (more recently) in children
Group A Streptococcus
Infections of the retropharyngeal space is usually a consequence of extension from another site of infection, most commonly _____
Acute pharyngitis
Most common pathogens in retropharyngeal space infection
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci and S. aureus
Most common developmental oral problem
Malocclusion
Most common oral mucosal lesion
Ulceration
Most common nondental source of oral pain
Myofascial pain referred from muscles of mastication
Most common part of oral mucosa that is involved in Kaposi’s sarcoma
Palate
Most common etiology of xerostomia
Medication, especially drugs with anticholinergic properties
Type of adult patients most commonly affected by acute bacterial parotitis
Postoperative, dehydrated, and debilitated patients
Most common pathogens in acute bacterial parotitis
S. aureus and anaerobic bacteria
Part of the respiratory tree that is the most common source of hemoptysis
Bronchi or medium sized airways
Most common cause of hemoptysis worldwide
Tuberculosis
Most common of respiratory hypoxia
Ventilation-perfusion mismatch resulting from perfusion of poorly ventilated alveoli
Probably the most common cause of peripheral cyanosis
Normal vasoconstriction resulting from exposure to cold air or water
Most common cause of a midsystolic murmur in an adult
Aortic stenosis
Most common cause of left-to-right intracardiac shunt in adults
Ostium secundum ASD
Most common cause of mitral stenosis
Rheumatic fever
Most common setting of aphagia (inability to swallow)
Food bolus or foreign body impaction
Aphagia typically denotes complete esophageal obstruction
Most common cause of oropharyngeal dysphagia
Functional deficits caused by neurologic disorders
Most common etiology of gastroparesis
Idiopathic
Most common surgeries that lead to postoperative emesis
Abdominal and orthopedic surgery
Most common causes of indigestion (2)
Gastroesophageal reflux and functional dyspepsia
Most common causes of ulcers (2)
H. pylori infection and NSAID use
Most common cause of infectious diarrhea in institutionalized patients
C. difficile
Probably the most common noninfectious causes of acute diarrhea
Side effects from medications
Most common secretory causes of chronic diarrhea
Side effects from regular ingestion of drugs and toxins
Most common cause of intraluminal maldigestion
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (occurs when >90% of pancreatic secretory function is lost)
Most common cause of mucosal malabsorption
Celiac disease
2 most common causes of osmotic diarrhea
Lactose intolerance and magnesium ingestion
Most common cause of outlet obstruction in constipation
Failure of the puborectalis muscle to relax
Most common gastrointestinal condition leading to hospitalization
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Most common cause of UGIB
Peptic ulcers
Most common cause of LGIB in adults, if hemorrhoids and anal fissures are excluded
Diverticulosis
Most common location of varices that lead to LGIB
Rectal
Most common colonic causes of significant GIB in children and adolescents
Inflammatory bowel disease and juvenile polyps
Most common cause of significant small-intestinal GIB in children
Meckel’s diverticulum
Probably the most common cause of LGIB
Hemorrhoids
Drugs most commonly associated with cholestasis
Anabolic and contraceptive steroids
Malignancy most commonly associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)
Cholangiocarcinoma
Most common cause of extrahepatic cholestasis
Choledocholithiasis
Most common pathogens in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
E. coli and Klebsiella
