Most common...

Question 1

Most common tumour in children

Answer 1

Primary CNS tumours

Question 2

Most common primary CNS tumour

Answer 2

Non-malignant meningioma

Question 3

Most common malignant primary CNS tumour

Answer 3

Glioblastoma

Question 4

Most common skin cancer

Answer 4

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 5

Most common bone cancer

Answer 5

Osteosarcoma (usually children/young adults)

Codman’s triangle
Sunburst appearance
ALP positive

Question 6

Most common bone cancer in middle-age/older adults?

Answer 6

Chondrosarcoma

Axial skeleton, femur, tibia, pelvis
Lytic lesion with fluffy calcification

Question 7

Most common cause of dementia?

Answer 7

Alzheimer’s

Tau, beta-amyloid

Question 8

Most common cause of death in under 45s?

Answer 8

Trauma

Question 9

Most common cause of stroke?

Answer 9

Cerebral atherosclerosis (infarction accounts for 70-80% of strokes)

Question 10

Most common type of breast cancer?

Answer 10

Invasive breast carcinoma (NST - no specific type)

70-80% of all breast cancers

Question 11

Most common benign breast tumour?

Answer 11

Fibroadenoma

Question 12

Most common ovarian cancer?

Answer 12

Serous cystadenoma

Question 13

Most common ovarian tumour in younger women?

Answer 13

Teratoma (95% = Mature)

Question 14

Most common endometrial cancer?

Answer 14

Endometrioid carcinoma

Question 15

Most common type of vulval cancer

Answer 15

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 16

Most common tumour of female genital tract?

Answer 16

Fibroid

20% of women >35

Question 17

Most common renal cancer?

Answer 17

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Question 18

Most common cause of acute renal failure?

Answer 18

Acute TUBULAR injury/necrosis

Question 19

Most common type of glomerulonephritis?

Answer 19

IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)

Question 20

Most common bladder tumour?

Answer 20

Transitional Cell tumour (urothelial)

Question 21

Most common bladder tumour in country with liver flukes?

Answer 21

SCC

Question 22

Most common testicular cancer?

Answer 22

Seminoma (Most common germ cell tumour)

Radiosensitive (Teratoma is chemosensitive)

Question 23

Most common prostate cancer?

Answer 23

Adenocarcinoma

Question 24

Most common liver cancer?

Answer 24

Metastatic adenocarcinoma

Question 25

Most common benign liver tumour?

Answer 25

Haemangioma

Question 26

Most common pancreatic cancer?

Answer 26

Ductal adenocarcinoma of pancreas (head of pancreas)

Question 27

Most common cause of acute pancreatitis?

Answer 27

Gallstones

Question 28

Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis?

Answer 28

Alcohol

Question 29

Most common colorectal cancer?

Answer 29

Adenocarcinoma

Question 30

Most common oesophageal cancer in developed countries?

Answer 30

Adenocarcinoma

Question 31

Most common oesophageal cancer in developing countries?

Answer 31

SCC

Question 32

Most common gastric cancer?

Answer 32

Adenocarcinoma

Question 33

Most common lung cancer?

Answer 33

Epithelial - Non-small cell adenocarcinoma According to lecture: Invasive SCC

Question 34

Most common lung cancer in women and non-smokers?

Answer 34

Adenocarcinoma

Question 35

Most common cause of bronchiectasis?

Answer 35

``` Resp infection (pneumonia, TB, pertussis) Particularly in Cystic Fibrosis ```

Question 36

Most common cause of pulmonary oedema?

Answer 36

LH failure

Question 37

Most common cause of diffuse alveolar damage?

Answer 37

``` Adults = ARDS (commonly caused by sepsis) Children = Hyaline membrane disease of newborn ```

Question 38

Most common cause of lobar pneumonia?

Answer 38

Pneumococci (S. pneumoniae)

Question 39

Most common cause of emphysema?

Answer 39

Smoking 2nd = Alpha 1 Antitrypsin def.

Question 40

Most common cause of lung cancer in non-smokers?

Answer 40

Asbestos Asbestos + Smoking = 50 fold increased risk

Question 41

Most common cause of mitral stenosis?

Answer 41

Rheumatic Fever

Question 42

Most common cause of mitral/aortic regurg?

Answer 42

Infective endocarditis

Question 43

Most common cause of aortic stenosis?

Answer 43

Calcification (old age)

Question 44

Most common cause of myocarditis?

Answer 44

Viral infection (e.g. influenza, COVID)

Question 45

Most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 45

Coronary artery disease or MI

Question 46

Most common cause of death worldwide?

Answer 46

Ischaemic heart disease

Question 47

Leading cause of death in UK for men?

Answer 47

Coronary heart disease

Question 48

Leading cause of death in UK for women?

Answer 48

Dementia/Alzheimers

Question 49

Top 5 causes of death worldwide?

Answer 49

1. IHD 2. Stroke 3. COPD 4. LRTI 5. Neonatal conditions

Question 50

Most common thyroid cancer?

Answer 50

Papillary

Question 51

Most common cause of Addison's?

Answer 51

Auto-immune In African it's TB

Question 52

Most common cause of Cushing's syndrome?

Answer 52

Pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease)

Question 53

Most common cause of hypothyroidism in UK?

Answer 53

Primary atrophic hypothyroidism | OR Hashimoto's

Question 54

Most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide?

Answer 54

Iodine deficiency

Question 55

Most common cancers in men in UK?

Answer 55

1. Prostate (just over a quarter - 27%) 1 in 8 men, around 50,000 cases annually 2. Lung (13%) - 25,000 annual 3. Bowel (12%) 4. Head and neck 5. Kidney

Question 56

Most common cancers in women in UK?

Answer 56

1. Breast (30%) - 1 in 7 women, 55,000 annual cases, 15% of all newly diagnosed cancers 2. Lung (13%) - 25,000 annual 3. Bowel (10%) 4. Uterus 5. Melanoma

Question 57

Most common cancers in UK? (men and women)

Answer 57

1. Breast - 55,000 (15% of all cancers) 2. Prostate - 50,000 (14%) 3. Lung - 48,000 (13%) 4. Bowel - 42,000 (11%) 5. Melanoma - 16,000 6. NHL - 4 in 100 cancers. 14,000

Question 58

Most common cancers worldwide?

Answer 58

1. Breast (2 million, 12.5%) 2. Lung (2 million, 12%) 3. Colorectal (1.9 million, 10%) 4. Prostate (1.4 million, 8%)

Question 59

Most common NHL subtype?

Answer 59

Diffuse Large B-cell (DLBC)

Question 60

Most common Hodgkin's subtype?

Answer 60

Nodular sclerosing

Question 61

Most common glial cell?

Answer 61

Astrocytes