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History of World Societies > Mortenson History of World Societies Exam One > Flashcards

Mortenson History of World Societies Exam One Flashcards

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1
Q

Homo erectus

A

“Upright man” these hominids became skillful hunters and invented more sophisticated tools for digging, scraping and cutting. They also became the first hominids to migrate from Africa. Also were the first to use fire.

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2
Q

Homo sapiens

A

A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.

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3
Q

“races”

A

was never supposed to be a thing.It was supposed to be ethnicity. natural scientist named the different people based on where their ancestors migrated and the way they looked

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4
Q

Atlatls

A

Throwing stick used in place of a bow for propelling a dart at high velocity

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5
Q

Endogamy

A

marriage within the tribe, caste, or social group

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6
Q

agriculture revolution(s)

A

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

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7
Q

Fertile Crescent

A

A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates

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8
Q

social hierarchy

A

the division of society by rank or class

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9
Q

Copper

A

was used for some of the first weapons and tools. brittle

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10
Q

copper + tin =

A

bronze

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11
Q

bronze

A

expensive during this time because copper and tin were usually not in the same place.

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12
Q

iron

A

was more abundant in nature, easier to shape, stronger, and less brittle than bronze. cheaper than bronze

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13
Q

Nile River

A

The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.

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14
Q

Pyramids

A

Huge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top. Built by farmers

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15
Q

Slavery

A

Considered to be of the lower-class system.
Used in Egypt first. War captives

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16
Q

Egyptian Calendar

A

written for the change of evening light.

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17
Q

lunar

A

evening light

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18
Q

solar

A

seasons

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19
Q

Sumer

A

The world’s first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.

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20
Q

Babylon

A

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

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21
Q

Hittites

A

supplied horses and chariots to the Egyptians after they rebelled against Hyksos. Controlled some of turkey and the northern middle east. first to smelt of iron to be shaped stared here.

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22
Q

Assyrians

A

controlled some of turkey and the northern middle east. Prided themselves brutality on their armies. Largest power by far. Re-created at the end of the bronze age. Controlled the Tigris and Euphrates valley. Largest, richest, and most powerful empire

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23
Q

Egyptian Empire

A

after rebelling against Hyksos. Reconquered Nubia and used Nubian gold. New kingdom extended from Nubian to Syria.

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24
Q

organized warfare

A

Mycenae, Sparta, Phalanx

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25
Q

Shang Dynasty

A

(1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior.

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26
Q

Zhou Dynasty

A

A decentralized Chinese dynasty in China because of the massive size, and whose emperor was the first to claim to be a link between heaven and earth. Iron metallurgy increased in this dynasty.

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27
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

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28
Q

Mandate of Heaven Four Principles:

A
  1. the right to rule is granted by heaven.
  2. There is only one heaven therefore there can be only one ruler
  3. The right to rule is based on the virtue of the ruler
  4. The right to rule is not limited to one dynasty
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29
Q

Agricultural Technology

A

the application of science and inventions in agricultural work; the use of science to develop new ways of doing things

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30
Q

Weapons Technology

A

Application of technology for use in warfare

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31
Q

Hundred Schools of Thought

A

Combined, Confucianism, Legalism, and Daosim made up this

32
Q

Confucianism

A

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

33
Q

Taoism or Daoism

A

an ideology whose central theme is the Way, a philosophy teaching that eternal happiness lies in total identification with nature and deploring passion, unnecessary invention; simple life of individuals

-Ying and Yang is used to illustrate the natural harmony in the world.

34
Q

Veneration of Ancestors

A

Chinese had great respect for their ancestors. Offered sacrifices at graves. Head of family in charge of rites to honor spirits. Buried material goods with their dead.

35
Q

Han Dynasty

A

imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy

36
Q

Silk Road

A

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.

37
Q

Geography of Greece

A

Mountains and small islands allowed city-states to develop into independent communities.

38
Q

Mycenae

A

Sea-faring Greek kingdom. A major center of Greek Civilization in the 1000s BCE, centuries before Greek’s “Golden Age” of Athenian influence. It’s center was located about 90 km southwest of Athens.

39
Q

Homer

A

ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)

40
Q

city-state

A

were suburbs or subordinate city and the farm and pasture that were necessary to support the urban population.

41
Q

the polis

A

A city-state in ancient Greece.

42
Q

Hoplites

A

a heavily armed foot soldier of ancient Greece.

43
Q

Phalanx

A

A military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields

44
Q

Athens vs. Sparta

A

Who fought in the Peloponnesian War?

45
Q

Democracy

A

developed during the iron age, the Greek empire where citizens enjoyed the labor of slaves.

46
Q

Republicanism

A

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

47
Q

Solon

A

Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt

48
Q

the Athenian assembly

A

The group that voted to determine government policy in ancient Athens.

49
Q

Persia

A

the largest of these ancient worlds. Asia minor to India and Egypt to central Asia. Varity of people and traditions

an empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC

50
Q

Thermopylae

A

100 miles from Athens; it is where the Greek soldiers held off the Persian army for 3 days then the Persians killed every soldier guarding the pass and then marched on to Athens where they set it on fire

51
Q

Salamis

A

naval battle where the Greek forces defeated the Persians, shortly after the battle at Thermopylae

52
Q

the Delian League

A

an alliance headed by Athens that says that all Greek city-states will come together and help fight the Persians

53
Q

Peloponnesian War

A

(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.

54
Q

Herodotus

A

Father of history

55
Q

Thucydides

A

the greatest historian of the ancient world

56
Q

Macedonia

A

Area between the Greek and Slavic regions; conquered Greece and Mesopotamia under the leadership of Philip II and Alexander the Great

57
Q

Alexander the Great

A

son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian army and was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world

58
Q

Battle of Issus

A

Site of a Battle that took place in 333 B.C. between forces led by Alexander the Great and Persian King Darius III.

battle reportedly claimed about 10,000 Persian lives but only 500 Greek lives.

Afterwards Alexander gained possession of the royal treasure, which ended his financial troubles. In addition, he captured Darius’ family. This was an extremely significant victory for Alexander and made Macedonian conquests inevitable.

59
Q

Hellenistic Kingdoms

A

Four kingdoms created after Alexander’s death: Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, Egypt

60
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans

61
Q

breaking apart of continents

A

Pangea or continental drift

62
Q

hunter-gatherers (foragers)

A

most basic social structure. usually men

63
Q

domesticated plants and animals

A

Neolithic

64
Q

Catal Huyuk

A

One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions

65
Q

first cities

A

Centers of political and military authority (unlike villages), economic centers, cultural centers. Arose in sumeria in 4000 BC

66
Q

Law Code of Hammurabi

A

(Mesopotamian code of Hammurabi of Babylon) - balanced these two goals adroitly “an eye for an eye” theft- if you stole (and you were noble) something from somebody you have to pay it back 30 times the cost. A common thief 10 times. If you couldn’t pay you were put to death

67
Q

Bronze Age

A

(archeology) a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons

68
Q

Iron Age

A

the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons

69
Q

Monotheism

A

belief in only one god

70
Q

coinage

A

the invention of new words

71
Q

progress

A

to move a step in a positive direction; to improve; to move a step closer to a goal

72
Q

Buddhism and Hinduism

A

two religions both originated in South Asia

73
Q

Classical Greece

A

This term refers to the time period of Greek History from 500 to 338 B.C. In 338 B.C. Greece was conquered by King Philip II, who was a Macedonian King. A time when Greek culture and ideas flourished.

74
Q

Classical India

A

Began 1500 BCE. Invaded by Aryans (Nomadic, 1st Indo-Europeans, light skin) Language: Sanskrit. Religion: Vedic, Hindu (caste system).

75
Q

cultural differences

A

beliefs, values, habits, diet and health practices that relate to a person’s culture or religion

History of World Societies (1 decks)

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