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BIOL 1090 > Morris, Chapter 11: Cell Division - Variation, Regulation and Cancer > Flashcards

Morris, Chapter 11: Cell Division - Variation, Regulation and Cancer Flashcards

11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6

1
Q

What is one of the fundamental principles of biology related to cells?

A

Cells come from preexisting cells.

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2
Q

What is cell division?

A

The process by which a single cell produces two daughter cells.

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3
Q

How do multicellular organisms begin life?

A

As a single cell, with cell division producing the billions or trillions of cells in the organism.

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4
Q

Why is cell division important after an organism reaches adult size?

A

It replaces worn-out cells, such as blood cells, skin cells, and cells lining the digestive tract.

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5
Q

What happens at a wound site, like a scraped knee?

A

Cells at the site begin dividing to replace damaged cells and heal the wound.

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6
Q

Definition

Asexual Reproduction

A

The reproduction of organisms by mitotic cell division or fragmentation. Offspring are clones of the parent.

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7
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

By dividing into two daughter cells, each receiving one copy of the parent cell’s genetic material.

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8
Q

Definition

Sexual reproduction.

A

The process of producing offspring that receive genetic material from two parents; in eukaryotes, the process occurs through meiosis and fertilization.

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9
Q

Definition

Gametes

A

A reproductive haploid cell; gametes fuse in pairs to form a diploid zygote. In many species, there are two types of gametes: eggs in females, sperm in males.

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10
Q

What happens during fertalization?

A

A male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) fuse to form a new organism with the same number of chromosomes as the parents.

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11
Q

What processes produces gametes?

A

A form of cell division that results in daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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12
Q

What results from a loss of control of cell division?

A

Cancer

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13
Q

What do cells need to determine for proper division and regulation?

A
  • When to divide
  • When not to divide
  • How cancer develops dur to loss of control in these processes.
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14
Q

Chapter 11.1 Cell Division

What are the requirements for successful cell division?

A

The cell must be large enough to divide and provide sufficient nuclear and cytoplasmic components to each daughter cell.

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15
Q

Chapter 11.1 Cell Division

What happens before a cell divides?

A

Key cellular components are duplicated to ensure proper division.

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16
Q

Chapter 11.1 Cell Division - Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

Binary Fission

Definition

A

The process by which prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria or archaeons) divide to form two daughter cells.

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17
Q

Chapter 11.1 Cell Division - Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

What occurs during binary fission?

A

The cell replicates its DNA, increases in size, and divides into two daughter cells, each receiving one copy of the parental DNA.

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18
Q

Chapter 11.1 Cell Division - Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

Which organisms have been studied extensively for binary fission?

A

Bacteria, especially Escherichia coli.

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19
Q

Chapter 11.1 Cell Division - Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

Where is the circular genome of E. coli attached during binary fission?

A

To the inside of the plasma membrane.

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20
Q

Chapter 11.1 Cell Division - Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

What is the orgin on replication?

A

The specific location on the circular DNA molecule where DNA replication begins.

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21
Q

Chapter 11.1 Cell Division - Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

What happens to the DNA after replication in binary fission?

A

The two DNA molecules attach to the plasma membrane at different sites and move apart as the cell elongates.

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22
Q

Chapter 11.1 Cell Division - Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

What happens when the cell reaches twice its original size during binary fission?

A

A constriction forms at the midpoint of the cell, and new membrane and cell wall are synthesized, dividing the cell into two daughter cells.

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23
Q

Chapter 11.1 Cell Division - Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

What is the role of the FtsZ gene in binary fission?

A

It encodes a protein that forms a ring at the site of constriction where the new cell wall forms.

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24
Q

Chapter 11.1 Cell Division - Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission.

Why is the FtsZ protein significant?

A

It is evolutionarily related to tubulin, a protein in eukaryotic cells that forms microtubules and plays a role in cell division, intracellular transport, and cell movement.

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25
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division - Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission. Apart form bacteria, where else is the binary fission process observed?
- Archaeons - Chloroplasts - Mitochondria All evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells.
26
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division - Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission. What ensures the coordination of components in binary fission?
Genes like FtsZ and other components.
27
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division WHat are the basic steps of binary fission?
DNA replication, segregation of replicated DNA to daughter cells, and division of one cell into two.
28
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division - Eukaryotic cells divide by mitotic cell div How is eukaryotic cell division more complex than prokaryotic cell division?
Eukaryotic cells divide the nucleus by mitosis and the cytoplasm by cytokinesis, and require additional steps like breaking down and re-forming the nuclear envelope.
29
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division How does the genome of prokaryotes differ from that of eukaryotes?
Prokaryotic genomes are single, small, circular DNA molecules, while eukaryotic genomes are larger and organized into linear chromosomes.
30
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division Where is prokaryotic DNA located and how is it separated during cell division?
Prokaryotic DNA is attached to the plasma membrane, and cell growth separates the replicated DNA into daughter cells
31
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division Where is eukaryotic DNA located, and how is it separated during cell division?
Eukaryotic DNA is in the nucleus, and its separation involves the mitotic spindle and the breakdown and re-formation of the nuclear envelope.
32
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division How do chromosomes of dividing eukaryotic cells separate into daughter cells?
They attach to the mitotic spindle, which pulls them apart during cell division.
33
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division What is an example of a unicellular eukaryote that combines features of binary fission and mitosis?
Dinoflagellates
34
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division How does cell division in dinoflagellates differ from most eukaryotes?
The nuclear envelope remains intact, and replicated DNA is attached to the nuclear envelope as the nucleus grows and divides.
35
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division What does the intermediate form of cell division in unicellular eukaryotes suggest?
It suggests that mitosis evolved from binary fission.
36
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division What are the two main stages of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells?
M phase and interphase.
37
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division What are the two events that occur during M phase?
(1) Mitosis: separation of chromosomes into two nuclei. (2) Cytokinesis: division of the cell into two separate cells.
38
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division How long does M phase typically last in mammalian cells?
About one hour.
39
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division What happens during interphase?
THe cell prepares for division by replicating DNA and growing in size.
40
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division What are the three phases of interphase?
G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.
41
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division What occurs during S phase?
DNA replication, also known as DNA synthesis.
42
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division What happens during the G1 phase?
Preparation for S-phase DNA synthesis, including the production of regulatory proteins like kinases.
43
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division What occurs during the G2 phase?
The cell increases in size and protein content in preparation for mitosis and cytokinesis.
44
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division How long does the entire cell cycle take in most actively dividing human cells?
About 24 hours.
45
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division Which cells complete the cell cycle more quickly, and why?
- Yeast: 90 minutes. - Frog embryonic cells: ~30 minutes, due to the absence of growth phases (G1 and G2).
46
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division What is the G0 phase, and how is it distinguished from other phases?
A phase where cells pause between M phase and S phase without preparing for DNA synthesis.
47
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division Can cells in the G0 phase still perform functions? Provide examples.
Yes, they perform specialized functions. For example, liver cells carry out metabolism and detoxification.
48
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division Which cells permanently enter the G0 phase?
Nerve cells and lens cells of the eye, making them nondividing.
49
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division Why can’t many brain cells lost to damage or disease be replaced?
Because they permanently enter the G0 phase and do not divide.
50
# Chapter 11.1 Cell Division Why is there no G1 or G2 phase in early frog embryonic cell divisions?
Early divisions focus on dividing the cytoplasm into smaller cells, so no growth period is needed.
51
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What is the challenge faced by a dividing eukaryotic cell?
Ensuring daughter cells receive an equal and complete set of chromosomes.
52
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How long is the DNA in an average eukaryotic cell nucleus, and why must it be condensed?
1 to 2 meters; to fit into the nucleus and prevent tangling during cell division.
53
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What structures are formed by the organization of DNA with histones in eukaryotic cells?
Chromosomes
54
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What happens to chromosomes during interphase?
They are long, thin, and threadlike.
55
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What is a karyotype?
The portrait of the number and shapes of chromosomes characteristic of a species.
56
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How many chromosomes do humans, horses, and corn have in their cells?
Humans: 46, Horses: 64, Corn: 20.
57
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How are human chromosomes arranged in a normal karyotype?
23 pairs: 22 numbered pairs and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.
58
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What are homologous chromosomes?
Pairs of chromosomes carrying the same set of genes, one from each parent.
59
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What determines the sex of an individual in humans?
The sex chromosomes: XX for females, XY for males.
60
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division Define haploid.
1 complete set of chromosomes.
61
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division Define diploid.
2 complete set of chromosomes.
62
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division Define Polyploid.
4 or more complete sets of chromosomes.
63
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division When does chromosome duplication occur, and what are the resulting identical copies called?
During S phase; sister chromatids.
64
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What physically holds sister chromatids together?
The centromere.
65
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How are chromosomes counted in a cell?
By counting centromeres.
66
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What happens to sister chromatids during mitosis?
They separate and are distributed to opposite ends of the cell.
67
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How many chromosomes are present in the nucleus of a human cell at the beginning of mitosis?
46 chromosomes, each consisting of a pair of identical sister chromatids.
68
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What happens in **prophase**, the first stage of mitosis?
- Chromosomes condense and become visible - The centrosomes duplicate, migrate to opposite poles, and radiate microtubules to form the mitotic spindle.
69
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What are the five stages of mitosis?
1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophjase
70
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What happens to the chromosomes during **prometaphase**?
- The nuclear envelope breaks down and microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes. - Sister chromatids begin aligning toward the cell center.
71
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What defines **metaphase**?
- Chromosomes align completely at the center of the cell (metaphase plate) with spindle poles at opposite ends.
72
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What happens during **anaphase**?
- Sister chromatids seperate and become individual chromosomes as the centromeres split. - THe chromosomes travel to opposite poles of the cell.
73
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What characterizes **telophase**, the final stage of mitosis?
- The nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decondense, and the cell prepares to divide into two daughter cells with two nuclei.
74
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What is the role of the mitotic spindle in mitosis?
The mitotic spindle, made of microtubules, pulls chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell.
75
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How do centrosomes function during mitosis in animal cells?
Centrosomes duplicate during S phase, migrate to opposite poles during prophase, and organize microtubules into the mitotic spindle.
76
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How do plant cells differ from animal cells in forming the mitotic spindle?
Plant cells form the mitotic spindle without centrosomes, unlike animal cells.
77
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What is the importance of centrosomes in defining cell polarity during mitosis?
Centrosomes migrate to opposite poles, defining the cell’s two ends and guiding chromosome movement for proper division.
78
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How do microtubules contribute to prometaphase?
Microtubules radiating from the centrosomes grow and shrink, exploring the area where the nucleus once was, and attach to chromosomes at their centromeres.
79
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What is dynamic instability in the context of microtubules?
Dynamic instability refers to the growing and shrinking behavior of microtubules, which is essential for their exploration and attachment to chromosomes during prometaphase.
80
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What is the role of kinetochores in prometaphase?
Kinetochores are protein complexes located at the centromere of each chromosome, where microtubules attach. Each kinetochore is associated with one of the sister chromatids.
81
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How does the attachment of microtubules to kinetochores affect chromosome segregation?
The symmetrical attachment of each chromosome to two microtubules (one from each pole) ensures proper chromosome segregation during cell division.
82
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What happens when each chromosome is attached to the mitotic spindle?
The microtubules of the mitotic spindle lengthen or shorten to move the chromosomes to the middle of the cell.
83
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How are chromosomes aligned during metaphase?
The chromosomes are aligned in a single plane that is roughly equidistant from both poles of the cell.
84
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division Why is metaphase one of the most visually distinctive stages of mitosis?
Because the chromosomes are clearly aligned in the middle of the dividing cell, making it easily identifiable under the microscope.
85
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What is the role of the mitotic spindle during metaphase?
The mitotic spindle’s microtubules help move the chromosomes to the middle of the cell and keep them aligned during metaphase.
86
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What is the key feature of metaphase under the microscope?
Chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell in a single plane.
87
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What happens during anaphase in mitosis?
- Sister chromatids separate as the centromere splits. - After separation, each chromatid is considered a full-fledged chromosome. - Spindle microtubules shorten, pulling the chromosomes to opposite poles. - The chromosomes are equally segregated between the two daughter cells. - Each daughter cell receives 46 chromosomes, the complete genetic material.
88
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What marks the beginning of telophase?
The arrival of a complete set of chromosomes at a pole marks the beginning of telophase.
89
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What happens during telophase?
The cell prepares for division into two new cells, and the microtubules of the mitotic spindle break down and disappear.
90
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What occurs after the microtubules of the mitotic spindle break down during telophase?
A nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes, creating two new nuclei.
91
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How do the chromosomes change during telophase?
The chromosomes decondense and become less visible under the microscope.
92
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What is the significance of telophase in the process of mitosis?
Telophase marks the end of mitosis as the nuclei become distinct and the chromosomes decondense.
93
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What is cytokinesis and when does it occur in the cell cycle?
Cytokinesis is the process where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells. It usually begins as mitosis nears its end.
94
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division In animal cells, what structure forms during cytokinesis to divide the cell?
A contractile ring made of actin filaments forms and contracts, pinching the cell into two.
95
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What is the role of the contractile ring in cytokinesis in animal cells?
The contractile ring, made of actin filaments, contracts like a drawstring, dividing the cytoplasm and creating two daughter cells.
96
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How does the contractile ring in animal cells contract during cytokinesis?
Motor proteins slide actin filaments in opposite directions, driving the contraction of the contractile ring.
97
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How is cytokinesis in animal cells similar to binary fission?
Both processes involve a constriction that divides the cytoplasm, but binary fission is driven by the FtsZ protein, not actin filaments.
98
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What happens after cytokinesis in animal cells?
After cytokinesis, two daughter cells are formed, each with its own nucleus, and they enter the next phase of the cell cycle.
99
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division In plant cells, how does cytokinesis differ from animal cells?
In plant cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a cell plate instead of a contractile ring due to the presence of a cell wall.
100
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division What is the phragmoplast in plant cells?
The phragmoplast is a structure made of overlapping microtubules that guides vesicles containing cell wall components to the middle of the cell during cytokinesis.
101
# Chapter 11.2 Mitotic Cell Division How is the new cell wall formed during cytokinesis in plant cells?
Vesicles containing cell wall components fuse to form a cell plate, which then fuses with the original cell wall, completing the division.
102

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