MORPHOLOGY OF ROOT. STEM. LEAF AND THEIR MODIFICATIONS.12 Flashcards
1
Q
Example of Annual plants;
A
Yam, maize and beans
2
Q
Examples of biennial plants
A
They are usually tubers;Carrot and onions
3
Q
Example of perennial plant
A
Cana lily,African never die or sensitive plant And orange.
4
Q
Examples of aquatic plants
A
Water spinach and water hyachyacinth
5
Q
Example of creeping plant
A
Broad leave carpent grass
6
Q
Example of a climber
A
morning glory weed
7
Q
What are biennials plants?
A
plants which live (i.e complete their life cycle) within two growing seasons.
8
Q
Types of roots system.
A
1.Primary system ; is developed from the embryonic plant as the radicle of the seedling.
2.Adventitious roots system ; develop from superficial tissues other than the embryonic radicle
9
Q
Types of primary root system?
A
1.Fibrous; after the production of the primary root, other roots of equal size emerge from the same point,
2.Taproot; limited to a single large persistent growing root
10
Q
What’s the portion of plant that is positively geotrophic
A
Roots
11
Q
Types of adventitious root system?
A
1.Fascicled roots:Tuberous roots in cluster. For food storage
2.Fusiform roots: Tuberous roots swollen at the middle and taper at both ends. For food storage
3.Buttress roots: thick and dense roots which arise from the base of a tree truck above soil and spread wide on the ground.
4.Pneumatophore roots:they grow upwards. The roots functions as site for oxygen intake (gaseous exchange).
5.Props roots: They grow above the ground usualy out of the lower node and growing downward into soil.For Support
6.Reproductive roots: roots of some shrubs &trees. new plant grow vegetatively from root of mother plant.
7.water root: roots a r e too short to reach a substrate so absorb nutrients form the water
12
Q
Another type for fusiform when that the middle is round is called
A
Napiform
13
Q
Example of water roots?
A
Water lettuce
14
Q
Example of plant with reproductive roots:
A
Guava
15
Q
Example of Prop roots
A
Maize, bamboo,Riverside Screwpine and bayan trees
16
Q
Example of pneumonatophore roots
A
Red mangrove and white mangrove
17
Q
Example of Buttress root
A
Indian almond aka Ēbelebo
18
Q
Example of fusiform
A
Carrot and weed tuber
19
Q
Example of fasicicled
A
Cassava
20
Q
Stem occurs underground as;
A
Rhizomes,Stolons,Corms and bulb
21
Q
How does Stem differs from root?
A
the presence of nodes in stem
22
Q
Stem are divided into
A
strong and weak stem
23
Q
Type of stem, explain and there examples:
A
1.Columnar:Erect,tough,stout(thick) and covered with a layer of cork e.g mango
2.Culm:jointed,solid node and hallow internode e.g Bamboo
3.Scape:Underground stem with erect unbranded aerial shoot e.g Banana
4.Creepers:forms new roots and shoots at the nodes e.g Sourgrass
5.Climbers:Attach themselves to an erect neighbouring plant e.g bottle gourd
24
Q
What’s a bud?
A
It’s a immature shoot with anumber of miniature tender leaves
25
What are the types of buds and explain?
1.Terminal bud: A bud that occurs at the apex(tip) of a stem
2.Axillary bud: A bud that occurs at the axil of the leaves
26
The bud is protected by?
The bud scales
27
What’s a Node and Antinode ?
1.Node: A point where leaf or branches develop from.
2.Anti node: space between two successive nodes
28
what’s a Leaf scar?
mark left on a twig or stem where the petiole of a leaf was attached
29
What’s a vascular bundle scar?
a small dot, discoloration, or raised bump on the surface of a leaf scar. It is formed when the vascular bundles break off at the point where the leaf was attached to the stem
30
What’s a Terminal bud scale scar?
A circular marking on a stem that marks the former location of a terminal bud.
31
What’s a lenticels
Small pores in the bark of woody stems and which allow gases to enter and leave the interior of a stem.
32
Function of branching in stems?
1.Spread of shoot system
2.For separation of function between branches, where some may be vegetative and others reproductive
33
Types of branching
1.Lateral branching
2.Dichotomous branching
34
What’s the most common mode of branching in spermatophyte?
Lateral branching.
35
Types of branches;
1. dichotomous (originating at the terminal bud like the letter Y).
2. lateral (from side to side)
36
Types of lateral branch;
1. monopodial or racemose: Each branch arises in the axil of a leaf while the terminal bud continues its upward stem growth e.g pine
2. sympodial or cymose: The terminal bud stop growing probably be due to the formation of a flower at that point, and axillary shoots continue growth of the shoot from these lower axils.
Sympodial branching is divided into two types: uniparous or monochasial, which has one lateral bud; biparous or dichasial, which has two lateral buds.
37
Examples of uniparous and biparous respectively
1.The wild vine
2.The temple tree
38
Example of sympodial and monopodial;
1.water leaf
2.pine
39
Stems are modified for what functions?
(1)Reproduction (2) Photosynthesis (3) Protection (4) Storage (5) Support.
40
Stems for vegetative reproduction
1.Rhizome
2.Corm
3. Bulb
4.Bulbil
5.Stolon(runners)
5.Suckers
6.Offset
41
Example of reproductive stem that helps in perennation
Rhizome, corm, bulb and stolon
42
Which type of vegetative stem arise from the node ?
Rhizome and stolon
43
What’s a Rhizome:
Horizontal underground growing stem E.g. Elephant grass, Canna lily, Ginger
44
What’s a Corm:
vertical thick, short and swolen underground stem with dry scaly leaves. E.g. Cocoyam
45
What’s a Bulb:
a short or much reduced nearly flattened stem with a terminal bud. thick fleshy & scaly leaves and adventitious root. E.g Onion,garlic
46
What’s a Bulbil:
auxiliary buds which grow above the ground in Axli of leaves. E.g wild yam and pineapple.
47
What’s a Stolon(runners):
Horizontal growing stem above the ground surface. E.g. couch grass
48
What’s a Suckers:
short branch of a stem arising from underground stem. E.g plantain
49
What’s a Offset:
short lateral shoots bearing clustered leaves at the tips and are capable of taking roots as plant daughters when seprated from the parent plant.E.g water hyacinth
50
What’s stem for photosynthesis:
Cladode and Philloclade
51
Storage stem and their storage products have:
1.water=cladode
2.food=Tubers,Rhizome and corms
52
Between propagation and storage the main function of rhizome in most grasses is ?
Propagation
53
What’s the 3 difference between tuber and rhizome ?
1. New tuber proceeds from a shoot produced by feeding on and using up the other tuber while A rhizome is produced from the extension of an old rhizome got by means of an auxiliary bud or a terminal bud.
2.Tuber is not uniform in thickness and does not possess adventitious root while rhizome is uniform in thickness and possesses adventitious root
3.Tuber are usually lateral branches formed by the main aerial shoot and last for one season while a rhizome is the main shoot of the plant and exhibit continuous growth
54
the process by which modified stem coiling round an object for support is
Circum nutation
55
What’s a twiner
These are plants that climb nearby objects by coiling around them
56
What is Stem-tendril-assisted climbers ?
Plants with whip-like tendrils; they make contact with objects and help the plants climb on them.
57
What’s scrambles ?
Plants that use take support by means of hook
58
What’s the main lateral organ of a green plant
Leaf
59
The main characteristic of any leave is
It must arise from a node and poses bud on its axil
60
What’s a Leaf Blade (Lamina):
The lamina is a thin and wide laver(broad portion) of the leaf with a high surface area, to allow maximum absorption of light energy.
61
What is a Mid-rib?
both a conducting and supporting (strengthening) structure of the leaf
62
What’s a petiole ?
A leaf stalk which holds the leaf blade and position it well enough to receive enough light.
63
A leaf which does not have petiole is
sessile
64
A leaf which have petiole is
Petiolate
65
Types of leaves
1.Simple leaf
2.Compound leaf
66
What’s :
(1) A simple leaf
(2) A Compound leaf
1. It is not divided into leaflets
2. It is divided into many leaflets, attached to the mid vein and having its stalk.
67
Simple leaf is classified on the basis of
1. MARGINS: Entire, Dentate, serrate, Spiny, cleft.
2.:SHAPE: Linear, Lanceolate, Oblong, Cordate, Spatulate, Rotund, Sagittate
68
What’s an Entire leaf and an example
Leaves that are smooth, not toothed or cut anywhere along its entire length e.g. Black velvet tamarind(Dalium guineense)
69
What’s an Dentate leaf and an example
Toothed leaves with sharp spreading teeth e.g China grass and tropical nettle weed.
70
What’s a serrate leaf and an example ?
Saw-toothed leaves pointing towards the leaf apex e.g the china rose
71
What’s a spiny leaf and an example
Margin have spiny projections. E.g lemon verbena
72
What’s a cleft leaf and an example
Toothed with rounded tooth e.g The resurrection play (bryophyllum pinnatum)
73
What’s a Linear leaf and it example?
long, slender, Narrow and 5times as long as it is broad. Eg. Bull grass
74
What’s a Lanceolate leaf and it example?
Narrow with the broadest point at the base and thinnest point at the apex. E.g Bamboo
75
What’s an Oblong leaf and it example?
rounded at each end with parallel sides. E.g Banana and plantain
76
What’s a cordate leaf and it example?
A leaf with an upside down love shape e.g sweet potato
77
What’s a spatulate leaf and it example?
it has broad apex and narow base. E.g sundew
78
What’s a Rotund leaf and it example?
Leaf is circular in shape. E.g water lily
79
What’s a sagittate leaf and it example?
Leaf with arrow head shape . E.g morning glory plant
80
Apex of a leaf can be described as;
1.Acuminate:Tapering point
2.obtuse: blunt rounded
3.Cuspidate: Sharp spiny
4.Truncate: Broad blunt
5.Emaginate: indented at the end of mid rib
6.mucornate:mid-rib prolonged into a small point.
81
Compound leaf are divided into what types and examples
1.pinnately compound leaf
2.palmate compound leaf
82
Pinnate leaves can be classified into:
1.Unipinnate paripinnate leaf
2. Unipinnate imparinnate leaf
3.Bipinnate leaf
4. Thrice pinnate leaf
83
Arrangement of leaves on shoot:
1.Opposite phyllotaxy
2.Alternate phyllotaxy
3.whorled phyllotaxy
4. Mosaic phyllotaxy
5. Equitant phyllotaxy
84
What’s an Opposite phyllotaxy and example?
Two leaves on a given plane occur on nodes directly opposite each other e.g guava
85
What’s an Alternate phyllotaxy and example
Each node occurring on a different plane on either side of the stem. E.g Hibiscus- china- rose
86
What’s a whorled phyllotaxy and example?
When More than 2 leaves are arranged in circular manner around a node e.g Allamanda
87
What’s a Mosaic phyllotaxy and example?
Leaves crowded at the top most part of a stem in order to get maximum supply of sunlight. E.g Acalypha grandis
88
What’s an Equitant phyllotaxy and example?
When Leaves form a cluster at the ground level of the plant e.g pineapple
89
Leaves modified for Protection purposes consist of:
1.Stipulate leaves
2.scale leaves
3. Sensitive leaves
90
Leaves modified for support purposes consist of:
1.Tendril
2. Leaf base
3.Petiole support
91
Purpose for modification of leaves
1.Protection
2. Reproduction
3. Storage
4. Attraction to pollinators
5. Support
92
What’s the most distinguishing feature between the angiosperm and the other organisms is
The flower
93
What’s the sporophyll of a plant
The flower.
94
What’s the micro- and mega-sporophyll of a plant
Micro=Stamen
Mega=pistil
95
What’s called the essential part of a flower?
The reproductive part(the stamen and pistil)
96
What’s called the accessory floral part of a flower ?
The perianth(Petal and sepals)
97
What’s a the description of typical flower?
Part of plant responsible for sexual reproduction and consist of cyclic arrangement of five floral parts
98
Sepals are collectively called called
calyx
99
Petals are collectively called called
Corolla
100
The stamen are collectively called called
Androecium(the male reproductive microsporophyll)
101
The pistils are collectively called called
Gynoecium (the female reproductive megasporophyll)
102
The gynoecium consist of
an enlarged basal portion, the ovary, which contains one or more ovules, and a receptive surface for the pollen called the stigma which is connected to the ovary by an elongated style.
103
What’s inflorescence?
The arrangement of flowers on the shoot of the plant
104
The 2 types of inflorescence are ?
racemose (indefinite) or cymose (definite).
105
The inflorescences are branched with the main axis known as
peduncle
106
What’s a racemose inflorescence?
the youngest flowers are found nearest the apex of the inflorescence while the older ones are below.
107
What is a racemose inflorescence?
the youngest flowers are found nearest the apex of the inflorescence while the older ones are below.
108
What’s a cymose inflorescence ?
the youngest flowers are borne below the oldest and opening of flowers accur from the lower to the upper part of the inflorescence.
109
What’s a receptacle?
It is the swollen end of the pedicel on which the floral parts are borne
110
Types of racemose
1.Raceme:
2.Spike:
3.Corymb:
4.Umbel:
5.Capitulum:
111
Types of Cymose ?
(a) Uniparous (monochasium):
(b) Biparous (dichasium):
112
Types of Uniparous(monochasium) arrangement
it could be Helicoid arrangement; the axil on the same side and'the same plane, or scorpoid arrangement ; develop on alternate sides thereby exhibiting a zigzag arrangement of flowers
113
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON POSITON OF OVARY ON RECEPTACLE
1. The hypogynous flower:
2. The perigynous flower:
3. The epigynous flower:
114
What’s a hypogynous flower and example ?
This type of arrangement of the receptacle where it is below the ovary E.g the bittersweet woody nightshade (Solanum dulcamara), horse-chestnut (Asuclus hippocastanum), and the broad bean (Vicia faba).
115
What’s a perigynous flower and example ?
The ovary is haif way inside the receptacle such that other floral organs surround the ovary. e.g. the rose (Rosa centifolia).
116
What’s an epigynous flower and examples?
the ovary is buried inside the receptacle such that other floral whorls arise from above the ovary. e.g. the apple (Malus sylvestris), the edible melon (Cucumeropsis manni), the wax gourd (Benincasa hispida), and the pumpkin (Curcubita moschata).
117
The first floral whorl to develop from the receptacle is?
The sepals
118
What’s the function of the sepal?
Protect other floral parts only in the buds stage
119
List modifications/types of bract:
1.Spathe
2.Petaloid bract
3.Involucre,
4.Epicalyx
5.Glumes
120
What’s a bracts?
any leaf except foral whorls which is associated with the floral shoot. They are characteristically below the sepals.
121
What’s a Spathe bract and example ?
arise from under an inflorescence and grow to such a large size that it takes on a boat shape that shields the inflorescence. e.g. the brownish spathe of banana(Musa sapientum), the yellowish brown husks of maize-cob, (Zea mays).
122
What’s a Petaloid bract and example?
They have brighter colours other than green, and so could be mistaken for petals. e.g. the glory of the garden (Bougainvillea glabra), and the poinsetta (Poinsetta pulcherrima).
123
What’s a Involucre bracts and example?
possess a ring or two of green bracts usually associated with inflorescence e.g the African marigold (Tageres patula), and the Tridak (Tridax propumbens).
124
What’s a Epicalyx calyx and example?
where the bracts are very closely associated with and found at the base of the sepals e.g. the Hibiscus China-rose (Mibiscus rosa-
ginensis), the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).
125
What’s a Glumes and example?
small scaly and dry bracts which enclose the spikelets of grasses e.g. rice, (Oryza sativa).
126
Calyx can be characterized based on:
1.actinomorphic: radially symmetrical.
2. zygomorphic: asymmetrical
3. gamosepalous: fused together
4. polysepalous: separated
127
What’s the function of the Corolla
Function: The scent colour and shape attracts polinating agents for pollination
128
What’s AESTIVATION?
The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals on the floral bud with respect to other member of the whorl. It highlights the shape of sepals & petals on the floral bud.
129
Petals can be characterized based on.
1.actinomorphic: radially symmetrical.
2. zygomorphic: asymmetrical
3. gamopetalous: fused together
4. polypetalous: separated
130
The Androecium consist of?
stamens (micro-sporophylls), pollen sacs (microsporangia) and pollen grains (microspores).
131
sterile stamen without pollen grains is called a
staminode flower
132
What are the types of filament arrangement?
1. dorsifixed filament: When the filament is attached to the back of the anther
2. innate or basifixed filament: when the filament is attached to the base of the anther.
3. adnate: an anther that is attached to the entire length of its filament.
4.
133
The stamen is made up of two parts namely:
(1) A slender stalk Filament
(2) An enlarged Anther
134
The anther is made up of?
Two-Four lobes containing two-four pollen sac(microsporangia)
135
What’s a pollen?
mother-cell found in the pollen sac which undergo meiosis or form four pollen grains(Microspores)
136
The structure of pollen grains is made up of?
1.Exine
2.Intine
3.Nucleus
137
Arrangements of stamen include?
1. monadelphous stamen: having one bundle of filaments while the anthers remain free.
2. diadelphous stamen: having two unequal bundles of filaments while the anthers remain free.
3. poly-delphous stamens: having more than two bundles of filaments while the anthers remain free.
4. syngenesious: anthers are united to form a tube but the filaments are free.
5. synandrous stamens: all the stamens become fused
138
The ovule-bearing-portion of this sporoplyll is?
the ovary
139
CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS BASED ON ITS CARPEL INCLUDES:
1.Monocarpous: A flower with one carpel (single ovary)
2. Syncarpous: A flower with two or more fused (jeint or syne) carpels or ovary
3. Apocarpous: A flower with two or more free or separate carpels or vary.
140
What’s a Dichogamous flower?
development or maturation of one essential floral part of the flower (Stamen or carpel) BEFORE THE OTHER
141
Dichogamous flower is divided into:
1. Protandry: A protrandrous flower is one in which the stamen mature before carpel.
2. Protogyny: A protogynous flower is one in which the carpel develops before stamen.
142
What’s a Bisexual(Hermaphrodite) Flower?
A flower that has both stamen and carpel.
143
What’s a Unisexual Flower?
A flower that has only one essential floral part- that is, it has either stamen or carpel.
144
A Unisexual flower can be:
(a) STAMINATE -when it has only stamen.
(b) PISTILLATE (carpellate) - when it has only carpel.
145
What’s a Wind pollinated flower?
Anemophilous Flower
146
What is an Insect pollinated flower
Entomorphilous Flower
147
What’s a Monoecious plant ?
when the male and female flowers are on the Same plant.
148
What’s a Dioecious Plant?
when the male and females flower are on different plants.
149
What’s Placentation ?
the arrangement of placenta in the ovary.
150
Ovules develop into _____ after fertilization. while Ovary into _____.
1. Seeds.
2. Fruit
151
What gives rise to the placenta?
The ventral suture (i.e. the meeting and fusion point of the two margins of the folded leaf sporophyll)
152
What’s marginal placentation?
Placenta arranged at the Margin (EDGE) of an ovary. monocarpous ovary:
153
What’s an axile placentation
the ovary is developed from more than two carpels. All the ovaries involved meet at a point, which forms the central axis. The ovules are lined up at this confluent margin but the ovules are well segregated as to enable someone tell the number of ovaries involved, e.g. tomato
154
What’s Parietal placentation?
All the ovules are borne in a one-chambered ovary. Ovules are attached directly to the inner wall of the ovary, without any septa or central column. e.g. the pawpaw
155
What’s a basal placentation
found in the apocarpous pistil. Carrys only ovule attached to a pad at the base of the ovary I.e directly on the receptacles. e.g. the billy-goatweed
156
What’s a Free-central placentation?
Similar to axile placentation, but the central column doesn't reach the top of the ovary. e.g. Primerose
157
What’s POLLINATION:
Transfer of MATURE pollen grains from the anther ot a mature or receptive stigma.
158
What are the steps in sexual reproduction in plant ?).
Pollination, germination of pollen tube, and then fertilization (double fertilization).
159
A water pollinated flowers are called?
Hyphydrophiles.
160
What’s a fruit ,
the mature or ripened ovary, which include the intimately attached parts that originated with it from the flower.
161
Fruits can be classified as
1.True and false fruit
2. simple, aggregate or composite,
162
What’s a True and false fruits?
1.True fruit: Fruit formed only from a fertilized ovary
2. False fruits: Fruit formed from fertilized ovary and other floral parts the cashew (Anacardium occidentale).
163
What is a Parthenocarpic fruit
Fruit formed from the development of low fruit without fertilization.
164
What induces parthenocarpy fruits
Auxin
165
What’s a simple, aggregate or composite?
1. Simple fruit: Fruit formed from Monocarpous ovary. Most fruit are simple fruits. oconut, orange. mango. pawpaw
2. aggregate fruit: Fruit formed from Apocarpous ovary. Examples Blackberry, Strawberry, Raspberry,Magnolia
3. A multiple fruit is formed from a Syncarpous ovary Examples Pineapple(Ananas comosus),Brae fruit,Mullbery
166
Fruit wall is called__(a)__. It is divided into 3layers;___(b)___,___(c)___and __(d)__
(a) PERICARP
(b) Epicarp (outer layer)
(c) Mesocarp (middle layer)
(d) Endocarp (inner layer)
167
Simple fruits are classified as;
Dry and fresh fruit.
168
The dry fruits can be further divided into
1.dehiscent fruit: Split
2. Indehiscent fruit:don’t split
3.Shizocarpic fruit
169
What’s a dry fruits?
a fruit that has a dry pericarp when ripe
170
What’s an dry Indehiscent Fruit:
These are dry fruits which do not split to release seeds when ripe.
171
Dry indehiscent fruits includes and explain:
(a). Caryopsis: the Pericarp (fruit wall) and Testa (Seed coat) are FUSED. E.g all grains
(b) Achene: the pericarp is Free (separate) from the testa (seed coat).i.e seed coat is not attached to fruit wall. E.g Sunflower
(c) Cypsela: Calyx is modified into a Hairy pappus. Tridas, Dandelion.
(d) Samara: Pericarp is modified into a wing. Examples: Yam (Dioscorea alata).
(e) Nut: HARD (stony) pericarp Examples : Cashew, Acorn and oaknut
172
All dry indehiscent fruit are ____ seeded simple fruits.
ONE-SEEDED
173
What’s a schizocarpic Fruits:
These are dry, multiseeded simple fruits, developed from two to many carpels. upon maturity split into separate one-seeded portions called mericarps.
174
schizocarpic Fruits include:
1. lomentum:
2. Cremocarp:
3. carcerulus:
4. regma:
5. double samara:
175
Dry dehiscent include:
the capsule, follicle, legume and siliqua.
176
What’s a capsule?
simple fruit formed from several fused carpel (syncarpous) containing several seeds. They split longitudinal along several lines to release seeds. E.g. Okra (Abelmoschus essentus), Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).
177
What’s a lomentum fruit?
dry, dehiscent special type of legume or of siliqua developed from a single pistil with one carpel. The loment is one long fruit, constricted into one seed compartments, which when dehiscing, splits transversely along the constrictions into one-seeded portions e.g African never die, Omithopus sativus, Desmodium gyrans and Acacia paradoxa
178
What’s a Cremocarp fruit?
dry dehiscent fruit developed from two one-seeded carpels, which upon maturity splits into two mericarps, e.g. hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium), coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and carrot (Daucus carota).
179
What’s a carcerulus fruits?
dry four-chambered fruit which is derived from a superior, two carpel ovary and which splits into the four chambers. E.g Labiate family I.e the tea bush(Ocimum gratissimun) and The American basil( Ocimum Americanum )
180
What’s a regma fruit?
the dry indehiscent fruit derived from a syncarpous ovary. The dry fruit opens to mericarps, which bears one or two seeds and which can dehisce to release seeds e.g. castor oil, para rubber, and cassava.
181
What’s a double samara?
the dry capsule developed from a superior two-carpel ovary and which when mature splits into two-wing-like-structure with seeds e.g. the African privete (Dodonaea viscose)
182
What’s a Follicle fruit.
This is the dry dehiscent fruit derived from one carpel, which splits
along one suture or side (Fig. 12.16-B) e.g. the oleander (Nerium oleander), Kolanut (Cola nitida).
183
What’s a Legume fruit?
This is the dry, dehiscent fruit derived from one carpel, which splits along two sides or sutures (Fig. 12.16-C) e.g. the crotolaria or rattlebox (Crotolaria retusa).
184
What’s a Siliqua fruit?
This is the dry dehiscent fruit developed from two or more carpels. It dehisces from the receptacle upwards and the two valves remain attached to the tip of the septum e.g. crucifera family (Fig. 12.16-D)
185
Fleshy Fruits include
the drupe, the berry, the pome and the pepo.
186
What’s a drupe?
This is the succulent fruit with the pericarp differentiated into the epicarp or the outer skin of the fruit, the mesocarp or the middle fleshy portion and the endocarp or the stony inner portion of the fruit
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What’s a Berry?
This is the succulent fruit developed from either a superior or an inferior, single or syncarpous ovary with seeds arranged in axile or parietal placentation (Fig. 12.15.2-B). The parts of the berry are not arranged into definite regions as in the drupe and include the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), orange (Citrus Sinensis, pawpaw (Carica papaya) from superior ovary. The guava (Psidium guajava) is a berry from an inferior ovary.
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what is a stone berry?
the date palm (Phoenix dactylifer in which the 'stone' is the hard endosperm on the seed.
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What’s a pome?
This is the simple fleshy fruit developed from the receptacle of an inferior ovary of a single pistil (Fig. 12.15. 2-C) e.g. the apple (Malus sylvestris).
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What’s a pepo?
a fleshy, several-seeded fruit that develops from a single flower with a single ovary. It's characterized by a tough or hard rind when mature is characteristic of the cucurbitacee family e.g. the edible melon (Cucumeropsis manni).
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What’s an Aggregate fruit?
This fruit is derived from an apocarpous pistil (many free carpels) of a flower that develops into a collection of simple fruits in one.
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An aggregate of some simple fruits borne on flowers is termed?
an etario
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Example of etario of achene
e.g. the buttercup flower (Ranunculus sceleratus)
194
Example of etario of follicle includes :
the periwinkle (Vinca rosea), the kola (Cola nitida).
195
Example of etario of drupes include:
the raspberry (Pubus idaeus).
196
Example of etario of berries include
the sour sop (Fig. 12.15.2-E) (Annona muricata).
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What’s a multiple or composite fruit?
Fruit formed from more than one flower, that is, an inflorescence and the fruit may include other parts of the flower.
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The different types of multiple fruits include
the sorosis and syconium.
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The sorosis is the
fruit that is composed of several flowers, which fuse together by their fleshy sepals and axis to form a crowded mass of fleshy flowers e. g. the pine-apple (Ananas comosus), the bread fruit (Artocarpus incise).
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What’s a Syconium fruit?
a syncarp with the small dry, one-seeded fruits (achenes) borne on the inside of a hollow receptacle. The receptacle grows into the fleshy false fruit enclosing many of the real fruits or achenes e.g. the fig. (Ficus megacarpa), African bread fruit (Ukwa) (Treculia Africana).
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Characteristics of Dispersal by Wind.
Small-size, Wing-like structures for dispersal, Hairy and feathery structures, and Censer mechanism.
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Characteristics of seed dispersed by water:
buoyant in water, and when immersed in water have impervious pericarps or testa to prevent the entry of water and withstand getting rotten.
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Characteristics of seed dispersed by animals and man:
The seeds may stick to the body hair of the animal, the edible fruits may be eaten and the undigested seeds excreted with the faeces
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Characteristics of seed dispersed by adhesive fruits:
Seeds may possess hooks, pines, and barbs, or they may be just gummy and stick to hair, clothes, or feathers of an animal.
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Characteristics of seed dispersed by Dispersal through edible fruits:
would travel 'safely through the digestive tract and be passed out some distance away from the parent plant.
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Characteristics of seed dispersed by
explosive devices by the fruit:
Some fruits release their seeds by a sudden jerk, which results in a forceful ejection of the seeds.
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What is that the part of a plant from which a new plant is produced?
The seed.
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The diploid zygote develops into the ____.
Embryo
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What produces the radicle and the plumule?
The embryo
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The tissue surrounding the ovule is the _____, which forms the _____.
1. integument
2. seed coats
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What is a radicle?
embryonic root
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What are the layers of the seed coat?
the outer testa and the inner tegmen through which passes an apical pore called micropyle.
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What is a non-endospermic or exalbuminous seed?
This is one, which lost its endosperm upon the maturity of the seed.
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What is an endospermic seed?
This is one whose endosperm or albumen persists from development and whose food reserve remains in the endosperm. Except for the orchid family, all angiosperms have some endosperm in their seeds.
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Seeds can be classified into the following:
1. Monocotyledonous endospermic e.g. maize (Zea mays), onions (Allium cepa) and the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera).
2. Monocotyledonous non-endospermic e.g. the arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia) and the water plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica).
3. Dicotyledonous non-endospermic e.g. the broad bean (Vicia faba), the pea (Pisum sativum).
4. Dicotyledonous endosperm e.g. castor oil (Ricinus cummunis).
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A longitudinal section through the grain reveals the upper portion is the _____ while the lower one is the_____. The upper large dense portion is separated from the lower portion by a layer called the _____.
1. endosperm
2. embryo
3. epithelium
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The plumule and radicle are protected by sheaths called the _____ for the radicle and the ____ for the plumule. The _____ surrounds the plumule and radicle.
1. coleorhiza
2. coleoptile
3. cotyledon
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What seed would retain viability for a long time?
Seeds stored in a sealed container under refrigeration or in a cool environment at about 0° to 4°C (32" to 40°F) and at low relative humidity
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What are the Seed viability tests?
1. A sample is taken and checked for the presence or not of the embryo.
2. If there are embryos in all the samples tested, then further viability tests would be carried out.
3. The flotation test: seeds would be put into a bowl of water. Quite often, those seeds that float are empty and hence should not be planted, as they may not germinate.
The seeds that sink would invariably germinate.
4. X-ray photographic test: tells whether there is an embryo in the seed and whether it was mature before harvest. This in effect does not state whether the seed is viable or not.
5. Tetrazolum Test: use of the chemical 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium (tetrazolium chloride to identify living respiring tissues.)
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During the tetrazolium test, When this colourless compound comes in contact with living respiring tissue, it turns___, but if the embryo is dead, it remains____.
1. Red
2. Colourless
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dormancy in seed is induced to prevent?
the seeds from germinating at the "wrong' season thereby ensuring propagation.
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The cotyledon has two growing axis or regions____ and _____
1. EPICOTYL(above the cotyledon) i.e. between cotyledon & plumule)
2. HYPOCOTYL (below the cotyledon i.e. between cotyledon &radicle).
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Water is absorbed by a seed through a process called
IMBIBITION
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Every seed has ONE SCAR called ____, formed by the attachment of a _____.
1. Hilum
2. funicle (seed stalk)
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When a seed loses its endosperm (food reserve), the ____ serves the function of food storage.
cotyledon
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The hard coats prevent entry of _____ and _____ which would normally trigger ________ leading to growth and germination.
1. water
2. air (oxygen)
3. physiological processes
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Dormancy caused when the seed coat is impermeable to water is called ______
physical dormancy
228
Seeds that have physiological dormancy possess _____ and ______ but lack _______to overcome the mechanical resistance of the _____ to establish as seedlings.
1. permeable seed coats
2. fully developed embryo
3. sufficient growth potential
4. seed coats
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Dormancy caused by an under-developed embryo is called ______.
morphological dormancy
230
The dormancy-caused physiological inhibition mechanism of germination in the embryo is called ______.
Physiological dormancy.
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Seeds with morphological dormancy have ______ at the time of maturation and the embryo must normally grow to a certain critical length before germination is possible.
1. underdeveloped embryos
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Seeds with physical dormancy have seed coat that is ______ and possess _____
1. impermeable to water
2. fully developed embryo which is not dormant.
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seeds are said to have morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) if?
the embryos of these seeds are underdeveloped and physiologically dormant.
234
Dormancy is partly controlled by plant hormones namely;
1. Abscisic acid (Growth inhibitor): promotes dormancy in the seed to give the seed time to reach a suitable habitat.
2. Gibberellins: this helps to break dormancy when environmental conditions become favourable.
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Artificial methods to break dormancy include:
1. Mechanical scarification: This involves mechanical scraping(scratching) of the seed coat surface, clipping of the surface, and use of sandpaper to soften the coat.
2. Heat treatment: Boiling of seed in hot water.
3. Organic and mineral acids: This involves soaking seeds in sulphuric acids and other acids for about 20 minutes.
4. Stratification: This means exposing seeds to very cold temperatures by placing them in the refrigerator or wetting the seed.
5. Breaking dormancy with light: Exposure to light breakdown germination inhibitors in some types of seeds.
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An example of a seed that can break dormancy using light is the
BIRCH SEED.
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Differences between dormancy and Quiescence
quiescent seed resumes growth immediately as soon environmental condition becomes favourable, however dormant seed does not resume germination immediately despite having a favourable environmental condition, it has to be triggered to resume growth through scarification, stratification, heat treatment etc.
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What is germination
the growth of the embryo of a seed into a seedling.
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Before germination, the seeds absorb water through the micropyle by a process called _____ to soften the seed coat (Testa).
Imbibition
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The water adsorbed before germination helps to __
activate the enzymes in the seed and cause germination.
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Types of germination:
1. Epigeal Germination
2. Hypogeal Germination
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What is Epigeal Germination?
The hypocotyl rapidly elongates, carrying the cotyledon above the ground; this occurs mainly in dicot seeds. e.g. Castor oil sed (Ricinus cummunis), Pawpaw (Carica papaya), Gourd plant (Cucurbital pepo), garden Bean (Vicin faba).
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What’s Hypogeal Germination?
The epicotyl rapidly elongates, carrying the cotyledon below the ground; this occurs mainly in monocot seeds.
e.g. Maize ( Zea mays), Rice (Oryza sativa)
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What is Viviparity in botany?
This is a term used to refer to seeds that germinate into seedlings before being shed from the parent plant, that is, the embryo continues to grow while the seed & fruit are still attached to the parent plant.
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What are the factors affecting germination?
1. Water: for activating enzymes.
2. Aeration (Adequate Oxygen).
3. Optimum temperature.
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What are Stipulate leaves and examples?
They bears thorny Lateral Appendages at its base are protected by stipule e.g kangaroo thorn
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What are scale leaves and examples?
Thin, dry, membranous brown structure that protect the axillary buds which develop the axil of scale leaves e.g onion
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What are sensitive leaves and examples?
Leaves that respond to touch by folding up e.g African never die
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What are Tendril leaves and examples?:
when leaves modified into wiry structures which helps to raise the shoot into an advantageous position e.g The garden pea( pisum sativum) and gloriosa lily (gloriosa simplex )
250
What are Leaf base leaves and examples?
when leaf base of some plant modified into false stem with the true stem being rhizome e.g plantain
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What are Petiole support leaves and examples?
when the petiole is modified into swollen floating structures which support the floating nature of the plant e.g water hyancinth (Eichornia crassipes)
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What is Raceme?
racemose, single-flowered pedicels (i.e. stalk of flower of inflorescence) are arranged on the sides of the stem carrying the flowers (peduncle).
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What is Spike?
Similar to a raceme, but flowers sit directly on the main axis without pedicels; an arrangement called sessile
254
What is Corymb?
The outermost flowers grow on pedicels that grow up and out so that they are on the same level as the innermost flowers; flat-topped
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What is an Umbel?
Flowers sprout from a single point on the stem, like spokes radiating outwards. Looks like umbrella
256
What is Capitulum and example ?
a bunch of flowers called florets sit directly on a disc-like top of the peduncle
257
What is an acuminate apex and example ?
if it has a tapering point e.g. black night-shade (Solanum nigrum)
258
What is an obtuse apex and example ?
if it is blunt and rounded at the apex e.g. cashew Anacardium occidentale)
259
What is a cuspidate apex and example ?
if it ends in a sharp spiny apex e.g. the pineapple (Ananas comosus).
260
What is a Truncate apex and example?
if the apex ends in a broad blunt end e.g. Bauhinia anguina
261
What is a Emaginate apex and example ?
when the apex is noticeably indented at that end of the midrib e.g. Bauhinia monandra
262
What is a Mucronate apex and example ?
when the midrib is prolonged into a small point e.g. Ixoras (Ixora parviflora).
263
What is an Unipinnate paripinnate leaf and example?
when the leaf have one rachis and the leaflets are even in numbers e.g African or florin balsam (Daniella Oliven.
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What is an Unipinnate Impapinnate leaf and example?
when the leaf have one rachis and the leaflets are not even in numbers e.g. the hairy indiga (Indigofera hirsuta).
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What is an Bipinnate paripinnate leaf and example?
when the leaf have more than one rachis e.g. the pride of Barbados (Caesalpinia pulcherrima.
266
What is a thrice pinnate leaf and example?
major axis bears a secondary leaf which carries the tertiary ones that bear the leaflets e.g. Carrot (Daucus carota).
267
What is a pinnately compound leaf and example?
leaflets arranged opposite along a common leaf axis called rachis E.g stinking cassia
268
What is a palmate compound leaf and example?
when the separated leaflets radiate from a common point with their distinct short petioles. Arrangement like an open palm eg. the capper-bush (Gynandropsis gynandra), silk cotton( ceiba petandra)
269
What is a trifoliate palmate leaf and example?
When the palmate leaf has only three leaflets e.g. Para rubber (Hevea braziliensis)
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What is a multifoliate or digitate palmate leaf and example?
when there are more than three leaflets, it is e.g. horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) with five leaflets.
271
What is palmatifid leaf?
simple large leaf which has been deeply lobed or palmately parted e.g. the bush potato (pomoea mauritiana) and cassava (Manihot utilissima).
272
What is foliaceous Bracts and example ?
green and leaflike bracts e.g. Tridax-Tridax procumbens and the Jew's slipper, (Acalypha tricolor).
273
What is gamosepalous and example ?
Calyx fused e.g. the black walnut (Acacia mearnsii, and the breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis).
274
What is polysepalous and example ?
Calyx separate from one another and free. e.g. mango (Mangitera indica), Cana lily (Canna indica).
275
What is regular or actinomorphic calyx and example ?
Calyx is radially symmetrical. In such a case the flower can be divided vertically into two equal halves e.g. the pea (Pisum sativum), the avocada pear (Prunus persica) and the field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis).
276
What is an irregular, zygomorphic or asymmetrical calyx and example ?
Calyx cannot be divided into two similar halves by a vertical cut e.g. banana (Musa sapientum).
