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english language > Morphology and lexicology > Flashcards

Morphology and lexicology Flashcards

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1
Q

Morphology

A

Study of morphemes and how they combine

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2
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest unit of meaning in a word, a root or an affix

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3
Q

Lexicology

A

Study of words

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4
Q

Etymology

A

Study of how words originate and change over time

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5
Q

Free morphemes

A

Also called stems, can make sense on their own

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6
Q

Bound morphemes

A

Must be attached to other morphemes to make sense

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7
Q

Prefix

A

A bound morpheme that attaches to the front of the stem

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8
Q

Suffix

A

A bound morpheme that attaches to the end of the stem

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9
Q

Infix

A

A morpheme that is inserted into the middle of the stem. In English, only swear-words can do this.

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10
Q

Inflectional morphemes

A

Change grammatical meaning like tense, plurality etc. and are all suffixes - s, s, s, ed, en, ing, er, est are the only 8 in English

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11
Q

Derivational morphemes

A

Change lexical meaning and can be prefixes or suffixes - pre-, -ment, ex-, -ly and many more.

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12
Q

Word classes

A

Different kinds of words that have different roles in sentences

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13
Q

Word formation types

A

Acronyms, Archaism, Borrowing, Blends, Neologism, Compounding, Commonisation, Contractions, Collocations, Initialism, Shortening

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14
Q

Blends

A

Parts of words combining - brunch, blog

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15
Q

Neologism

A

Invented words with no discernible links - muggle

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16
Q

Compounding

A

Whole words combining - football, bookshelf

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17
Q

Commonisation

A

Proper nouns becoming common nouns - google, bandaid, esky (culturally different)

18
Q

Contraction

A

Subjects and verbs merging - I’ll, that’s. Only in certain parts of sentences

19
Q

Collocations

A

Words that occur together more naturally - strong tea, husband and wife, similar to

20
Q

Initialism

A

Words made up of initials and pronounced inidividually - RACV, AFL, NAB (can be both intitialism and acronym)

21
Q

Shortening

A

Reducing the length of a word - probs, Nat

22
Q

Affixation

A

Adding an affix to create a new word - happy becomes happiness

23
Q

Conversion

A

Using a word as a different word class without changing it at all - facebook (noun) becomes facebook (verb)

24
Q

Open or content word classes

A

Noun, verb, adjective, adverb - can be easily added to and carry the meaning of the sentence

25
Q

Nouns

A

Names of people, places and things. Take plural and possessive inflections (s, ‘s). Noun forming suffixes - tion, ance, ness, etc.

26
Q

Verbs

A

Doing or being words. Take tense inflections - (ed, en, s, ing). Verb forming suffixes - ify, ize, en, ate, al

27
Q

Adjectives

A

Describing words for nouns. Take comparative (er) and superlative (est) inflections. Adjective forming suffixes - ible, ant, ive

28
Q

Adverbs

A

Describing words for verbs and adjectives. Adjective + ly often forms adverbs suffixes

29
Q

Closed or function word classes

A

Preposition, determiner/article, interjection, pronoun, auxiliary and modal verbs, conjunction - cannot be easily added to and only offer grammatical meaning

30
Q

Prepositions

A

Describe position in time, space and attitude - in, at, according to, underneath

31
Q

Determiner

A

A modifying word that determines the reference of a noun, a, an, the, every

32
Q

Conjunction

A

Joins words, phrases or clauses. There are two types -co-ordinating and subordinating

33
Q

Co-ordinating conjunctions

A

Join equal elements - and, or, but,

34
Q

Subordinating conjunctions

A

Join unequal elements - because, though, despite,

35
Q

Pronouns

A

Replace nouns. There are many factors - singular/plural (I/we), masculine/feminine/neutral (he/she/it), interrogative (what/which), reflexive (himself), emphatic (myself) subjective/objective (I/me)

36
Q

Auxiliary verbs

A

Verbs that alter tense. To be, to have and all forms of these.

37
Q

Modal verbs

A

Auxiliary verbs that alter necessity or possibility. Must, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, and might

38
Q

Interjections

A

Words that express emotion - wow, hey, boy!

39
Q

Root or stem

A

The main part of the word e.g. in the word unhappiness, the root is happy.

40
Q

Acronyms

A

Words made up of initials but pronounced as a word - ANZAC, SCUBA

41
Q

Archaism

A

Words or parts of words brought back into fashion - accio (from Latin for call or summon)

42
Q

Borrowing

A

Words from other languages that become part of English - kindergarten, croissant, pyjamas

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