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Morphology > Morphology > Flashcards

Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Different types of necrosis

A

Coagulative necrosis, Liquefactive necrosis, Caseous necrosis, Fatty necrosis and Fibrinoid necrosis

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2
Q

Opportunistic diseases associated with AIDS?

A

Pneumocystis carinii, Cytomegalovirus, Mycobacteri

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3
Q

Primary syphilis

A

Pathologic manifestation:- chancer
• Occurrence:- 3 weeks after contact with infected individual
• Heals in 3-6 weeks with or without treatment
• Spirochetes are plentiful within chancer which can be viewed by dark field microscopy or immunoflourescent stains of serous exudate
• Treponemes spread throughout the body by hematologic & lymphatic dissemination even before the appearance of chancre

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4
Q

4 types of polyp?

A
  1. Inflammatary polyp ofter seen in chronhns disease
  2. Hyperplastic polyp, found in rectum
  3. Adenomatous polyp- most common type of polyp
  4. Villous adenoma- high risk for cancer, more serious type
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5
Q

FIBROMA?

A

is a benign tumor arising from fibroblastic cells

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6
Q

Chondroma

A

Bening tumor with cartilaginous

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7
Q

OSTEOMA?

A

is a benign tumor of osteoblasts

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8
Q

OSTEOSARCOMA

A

cancer arising from osteoblastic cells

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9
Q

LEYOMIOSARCOMA

A

cancer arising from smooth muscle tissue

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10
Q

FIBROSARCOMA

A

A malignant tumor arising from fibroblastic cells

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11
Q

TERATOMA

A

is made up of a variety of parenchymal cell types representative of MORE than one germ and usually all three germ layers

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12
Q

HAMARTOMA

A

is a malformation (not a neoplasm) that presents as a mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to a particular site; example: nodule in lung containing cartilage, bronchi, blood vessels

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13
Q

CHORISTOMA

A

is a congenital anomaly composed of a heterotopic rest of cells; example: pancreatic cells found in the submucosa of the stomach

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14
Q

Cachexia

A

rogressive weakness, loss of appetite, anemia and profound weight loss (>20%) .Often correlates with tumor mass & spread
Etiology includes a generalized increase in metabolism and central effects of tumor on hypothalamus

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15
Q

Hemangioma

A

Benign tumors with blood vessels origin. Located in skin

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16
Q

where are most likelu to give metastasis to breadt cancer?

A

lung,liver,bone,brain

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17
Q

cause of tuborculusis?

A

Mycobacterium for humans, mycobacterium povis for animals.

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18
Q

genes involved in metastasis phase?

A

Suppressor gene for metastasis (NM23) on long arm of chromosome 17 .Human breast cancer shows poor survival with loss of expression of NM23 


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19
Q

Can you name Rox oxygens?

A

(Superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxides normally present in small amounts,ROS initiate chain reaction of lipid peroxidation in membranes

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20
Q

What is steatosis

A

ACCUMLATION OF FAT IN NON-FATTY TISSUE

INABILITY OF NON-FATTY TISSUE TO METABOLISE THE AMOUNT OF LIPID

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21
Q

What is dystrophic calcification

A

Occurs in dead ,dying and necrotic tissues. In dystrophic calcification: calcium is deposited in damaged tissue and there is normal serum calcium/phosphate levels

22
Q

Metastatic calcification

A

Deposition of calcium in normal and undamaged (healthy) tissue. .Due to increase in serum calcium (hypercalcemia).
Causes are Destruction of bone tissue. Vitamin D abuse

23
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

accumulation of hemosiderin, primarily within tissue macrophages, without associated tissue or organ damage

24
Q

Mechanism of inflammation:

A

vast dilation,exudation,emigration of cells, chemotaxis

25
Q

Granulomas 4 components?

A

Fibroblasts,giant cells, lymphs, epithelioid cells

26
Q

Granulomas 4 types

A

tb, sarcoid, foreign bodies and fungi

27
Q

Primary tb?

A

Primary tuberculosis is the form of disease that develops in a previously unexposed and unsensitized person. • Tuberculosis is a type of delayed tissue hypersensitivity to the tuberculous bacillus which elicit a cell-mediated immune response which will resists the growth and spread of the mycobacterium. 


28
Q

which are the primal site for tuberculosis?

A

Lungs, liver, kidney

29
Q

Ghon Focus?

A

lung lesion of primary TB,involves upper segments of the lower lobes or lower seg.of the upper lobe

30
Q

SecondaryTB

A

Is the pattern of disease that arises in a previously sensitized host. Is usually a reactivation of dormant primary lesions when the host resistance is lowered.

31
Q

Treatments of tb:

A

antibiotics to 6-12 months,isoniazid, rifampin

32
Q

Multidrug resistance:

A

when someone is immune to a drug that he received many times

33
Q

What causes syphilis?

A

Treponema Pallidum

34
Q

What we see in primary syphilis lesions:

A

body rashes and sores

35
Q

Secondary syphilis

A

Lesions could be maculopapular, scaly or pustular

36
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of syphilis?

A

diagnosis ,Treatmeant :-Benzathine Penicillin G is effective in all stages

37
Q

Candidisis

A

induced by overuse of antibiotics

38
Q

Rotavirus

A

is the most common cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children, and is one of several viruses that cause infections often called stomach flu, despite having no relation to influenza.

39
Q

Hypertrophy?

A

increase in the size and functional capacity of cell

40
Q

Hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of cell . Hyperplasia can only occur in tissues containing labile or stable cells

41
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Incomplete development of an organ with reduced cell numbers

42
Q

Metaplasia

A

: A change from one type of 
differentiated tissue to another. Is an reversible process.An adaptive response to various stimuli . New cell type is better adapted to exposure to the stimulus .The stimulus that induced metaplasia may, later, induce cancer, e.g. squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus 


43
Q

Dysplasia

A

: abnormal epithelial cells that fail to maturate. (hyperchromasia, larger, variable size, mitosis).
It may be mild, moderate or severe

44
Q

Neoplasia

A

:literally means“new growth” The new growth is called a NEOPLASM. •A NEOPLASM is an“abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change

45
Q

ANGIOGENESIS

A

new vessel formation.
1st proteolysis of eco 2. migration and chemotaxis3. proliferation 4.lumen formation maturation and inhibition of growth 5. increased permeability through gaps and trancytosis

46
Q

Proliferation

A
  1. LABILE CELLS Rapid proliferation and cell turnover ex Gut lining epithelial cells
  2. STABLE CELLS Slow proliferation and cell turnover ex hepatocytes
  3. PERMANENT CELLS NOT able to proliferate ex neurones
47
Q

Apoptosis

A

Especially during fetal development
In response to hormonal cycles (e.g. endometrium)
Normal turnover in proliferating tissues (e.g. intestinal epithelium)
Cells shrink, not swell
Nuclei condense and DNA fragments
Cells fragment into APOPTOTIC BODIES

48
Q

Autophagy

A

Self eating. 3major types are macrophage, macrophage and chaperone mediated autophagy. Inducers are starvation and cancer

49
Q

Chicken pox

A

highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with varicella zoster virus.characteristic skin rash that forms small, itchy blisters

50
Q

different autophagies in cells

A

mitophagy for the specific elimination of mitochondria; ribophagy for ribosomes;
lipophagy for the degradation of lipid droplets. pexophagy degrades peroxisomes
aggrephagy degrades intracellular protein aggregates and misfolded proteins such as those observed in many neurodegenerative conditions.
Xenophagy denotes the degradation of intracellular pathogens such as viruses and intracellular bacteria.

51
Q

Which genes regulate apoptosis

A

The apoptosis process is regulated by many genes

bcl-2, bax, caspase etc

52
Q

Xantoma

A

Clusters of macrophages (foamy cells) containing cholesterol. Occur in the sub epithelial connective tissue of skin & in tendons.
Seen in hereditary hyperlipidemic states

Morphology (2 decks)

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