Morphology Flashcards
First Declension Noun
- a, -ae, -ae, am, -ā
- ae, ārum, īs, ās, īs
Second Declension Masculine Nouns
- us (—), -ī, -ō, -um, -ō
- ī, -ōrum, -īs, ōs, -īs
Second Declension Neuter Nouns
- um, -ī, -ō, -um, -ō
- a, -ōrum, -īs, a, -īs
Third Declension Nouns: Masculine and Feminine
—, -is, -ī, -em, -e
-ēs, -um (-ium), -ibus, -ēs (-īs), -ibus
Third Declension Nouns: Neuter
—, -is, -ī, —, -e (-ī)
-a (-ia), -um (-ium), -ibus, -a (-ia), -ibus
Third Declension Nouns: Irregular vīs
vīs, –, –, vim, vī
vīrēs, vīrium, vīribus, vīrēs (vīrīs), vīribus
Fourth Declension Nouns: Masculine and Feminine
- us, -ūs, -uī, -um, -ū
- ūs, -uum, -ibus, -ūs, -ibus
Fourth Declension Nouns: Neuter
- ū, -ūs, -ū, -ū, -ū
- ua, -uum, -ibus, -ua, -ibus
Fifth Declension Nouns
- ēs, -eī (-ēī), -eī (-ēī), -em, -ē
- ēs, -ērum, -ēbus, -ēs, -ēbus
First/Second Declension Adjectives
- us (—), -ī, -ō, -um, -ō
- ī, -ōrum, -īs, ōs, -īs
- a, -ae, -ae, am, -ā
- ae, ārum, īs, ās, īs
- um, -ī, -ō, -um, -ō
- a, -ōrum, -īs, a, -īs
Adjectives with Genitive Singular in -īus
There is a group of adjectives which are like first-second declension adjectives except that they have -īus in the genitive singular of all genders and -ī in the dative singular:
tōtus, tōtīus, tōtī, tōtum, tōtō
tōtī, tōtōrum, tōtīs, tōtōs, tōtīs
tōta, tōtīus, tōtī, tōtam, tōtā
tōtae, tōtārum, tōtīs, tōtās, tōtīs
tōtum, tōtīus, tōtī, tōtum, tōtō
tōta, tōtōrum, tōtīs, tōta, tōtīs
alius, alterīus, aliī, alium, aliō
aliī, aliōrum, aliīs, aliōs, aliīs
alia, alterīus, aliī, aliam, aliā
aliae, aliārum, aliīs, aliās, aliīs
aliud, alterīus, aliī, aliud, aliō
alia, aliōrum, aliīs, alia, aliīs
*The genitive of alter is generally used for the genitive of alius in order to avoid confusion between alius (nominative) and alīus (genitive).
All the adjectives of this class are the following, which can be remembered with the acronym UNUS NAUTA:
- ūnus, -a, -um (one, alone)
- nūllus, -a, -um (no, none)
- ūllus, -a, -um (any)
- sōlus, -a, -um (only)
- neuter, neutra, neutrum (neither)
- alter, altera, alterum (the other [of two])
- uter, utra, utrum (which [of two])
- tōtus, -a, -um (whole, all)
- alius, -a, -ud (other)
Third Declension Adjectives (Three Endings)
ācer, ācris, ācrī, ācrem, ācrī
ācrēs, ācrium, ācribus, ācrēs(-īs), ācribus
ācris, ācris, ācrī, ācrem, ācrī
ācrēs, ācrium, ācribus, ācrēs(-īs), ācribus
ācre, ācris, ācrī, ācre, ācrī
ācria, ācrium, ācribus, ācria, ācribus
Third Declension Adjectives (Two Endings)
omnis, omnis, omnī, omnem, omnī
omnēs, omnium, omnibus, omnēs(-īs), omnibus
omne, omnis, omnī, omne, omnī
omnia, omnium, omnibus, omnia, omnibus
Third Declension Adjectives (One Ending)
ingēns, ingentis, ingentī, ingentem/ingēns (neut.), ingentī
ingentēs/ingentia (neut.), ingentium, ingentibus, ingentēs(-īs)/ingentia (neut.), ingentibus
Comparative Degree of Adjectives
fortior, fortiōris, fortiōrī, fortiōrem, fortiōre(-ī)
fortiōrēs, fortiōrum, fortiōribus, fortiōrēs(-īs), fortiōribus
fortius, fortiōris, fortiōrī, fortius, fortiōre(-ī)
fortiōra, fortiōrum, fortiōribus, fortiōra, fortiōribus
Superlative Degree of Adjectives
- Most adjectives form the superlative by adding -issimus, -a, -um to the stem of the positive form. These are declined like first-second declension adjectives.
- Adjectives which end in -er in the masculine nominative singular of the positive degree form the superlative by adding -rimus, -a, -um directly to the masculine form.
- Six adjectives which end in -lis in the masculine and feminine nominative singular of the positive degree form the superlative by adding -limus, -a, -um to the stem of the positive degree. These adjectives are:
- facilis, -e (easy)
- difficilis, -e (difficult)
- similis, -e (similar)
- dissimilis, -e (unlike)
- gracilis, -e (slender)
- humilis, -e (humble, low)
Irregular Comparisons of Adjectives
bonus, -a, -um (good)
melior, melius (better)
optimus, -a, -um (best)
malus, -a, -um (bad)
peior, peius (worse)
pessimus, -a, -um (worst)
magnus, -a, -um (great)
maior, maius (greater)
maximus, -a, -um (greatest)
parvus, -a, -um (small)
minor, minus (smaller)
minimus, -a, -um (smallest)
multus, -a, -um (much)
plūs (N. only in sing.; pl.: plūrēs, plūra) (more)
plūrimus, -a, -um (most, very many)
The Formation of Adverbs
Most adverbs are formed from adjectives. Two of the more frequent formations of the positive degree are noted below:
- From adjectives of the first and second declensions, adverbs are frequently formed by adding the ending -ē to the stem of the adjective.
- Adverbs formed from adjectives of the third declension frequently exhibit the ending -iter.
There is no way to determine that a given adverb will not be formed according to these rules.
Comparative Degree of Adverbs
The comparative degree of an adverb is formed by adding the ending -ius to the stem of the positive degree of the adjective. It will be noted that the comparative is really the neuter accusative singular of the comparative of the adjective.
Superlative Degree of Adverbs
The superlative is formed with the ending -issimē (or -rimē, -limē when the adjective would be thus formed) added to the stem of the positive degree of the adjective.
Irregular Comparison of Adverbs
bene (well)
melius (better)
optimē (best)
male (badly)
peius (worse)
pessimē (worst)
magnopere (greatly)
magis (more)
maximē (most, especially)
parum (not enough)
minus (less)
minimē (least)
multum (much)
plūs (more)
plūrimum (most)
diū (long [in time], for a long time)
diūtius (longer)
diūtissimē (longest)
saepe (often)
saepius (more often)
saepissimē (very often)
–
prius (before)
prīmum (first)
prope (near)
propius (nearer)
proximē (nearest, next)
Emphatic Demonstrative Adjectives: hic, haec, hoc (“this”)
hic, huius, huic, hunc, hōc
hī, hōrum, hīs, hōs, hīs
haec, huius, huic, hanc, hāc
hae, hārum, hīs, hās, hīs
hoc, huius, huic, hoc, hōc
haec, hōrum, hīs, haec, hīs
Emphatic Demonstrative Adjectives: ille, illa, illud (“that”)
ille, illīus, illī, illum, illō
illī, illōrum, illīs, illōs, illīs
illa, illīus, illī, illam, illā
illae, illārum, illīs, illās, illīs
illud, illīus, illī, illud, illō
illa, illōrum, illīs, illa, illīs
The Intensive Adjective: ipse, ipsa, ipsum (“self, very”)
ipse, ipsīus, ipsī, ipsum, ipsō
ipsī, ipsōrum, ipsīs, ipsōs, ipsīs
ipsa, ipsīus, ipsī, ipsam, ipsā
ipsae, ipsārum, ipsīs, ipsās, ipsīs
ipsum, ipsīus, ipsī, ipsum, ipsō
ipsa, ipsōrum, ipsīs, ipsa, ipsīs