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Microbiology Morphology > Morphology > Flashcards

Morphology Flashcards

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0
Q

Acid-fast stain

A

fixation in salin > carbol fuchsin and phenol > 3% HCL and 70% alchohol (Decolorization) > Methylene (counter stain)
if Red (+) if Blue (-)
only for Mycobacterium sp. And Nocardia sp. they have waxes in their cell wall and Resist acid decolorization.

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1
Q

Gram stain

A 
Fixation > crystal violet > iodine treatment > decolonization > counterstain
if purple (+) and if pink (-)
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2
Q

Fluorescent stain

A

primery Antibody binds antigen > secondary anti-antibody with tag binds primary antibody

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3
Q

Most common agars-routine agars
1) blood agar

2) Macconkeys
3) Chocolate

A

1) 3 posible results
Alpha hemolytic- partial destruction of RBC and release hemoglobin giving the green color.
Beta hemolytic- breaks all blood cells all the way
ex; strep throat
GAMMMA- no hemolysis

2) Inhibits gram (+) only shows gram negative
selects for enterics . Also tells if lactose fermenter pink (e-coli) or notcolorless (Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

3) Fastidious organisms
–Haemophilus influenzae
–Neisseria gonorrhoeae
these the only 2 that grow on chocolate

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4
Q

Special Agar very specific
1)Buffered charcoal yeast

2) Sabouraud Dextrose
3) Lowenstein Jensen

A

1) Legionella
2) Candida albicans (fungus)
3) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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5
Q

Bio typing-Hierarchy Classification

A

Is using biochemical testing to identify certain organisms

Ex: catalase, coagulase, and Indole tests

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6
Q

Catalase test –

A

Detects presence of catalase enzyme – breaks down peroxide

Used to differentiate btw Streptococci (-) and Staphylococci (+)

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7
Q

Coagulase test

A 
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin (gives a solid gel in the test tube) 
Staphylococcus aureus (+) and Staphylococci (-)
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8
Q

Indole test

A 
Enterics
differentiate ecoli (+) from other enteric bacterias
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9
Q

Oxidase test

A 
Tests for presence of enzyme cytochrome oxidase c
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (+)
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10
Q

Bacterial Ribosomes

A

30S + 50S subunits = 70S ribosome

Transcription and translation are coupled

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11
Q

Antibiotics that Inhibition Protein synthesis

ClEST

A

Tetracycline
Erthyromycin
Chloramphenicol
Streptomycin

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12
Q

Plasmids

A

Bacterial circular DNA, not needed it to live. Responsible for antimicrobial resistance
More common in gram (-)

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13
Q

Quinolones

A

Antibiotics inhibiting Bacterial DNA
In gram negative bacteria it inhibits DNA gyrase, unable to pack DNA into cell
-Specific for bacterial DNA gyrase

In gram positive bacteria
-Inhibition of topoisomerase IV

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14
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane

A

Made out of a Lipid bilayer
No sterols ( cholesterols with alcohol) Exception - Mycoplasma
Regulates transport
Has Mesosome
-Invagination where DNA binds to replicate
-Segregation of chromosomal DNA into daughter cells

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15
Q

Bacteria lacking cell wall

A

These bacterias are not visible on gram stain
Mycoplasma-Sterols in membrane

Chlamydia/Chlamydophila-Tissue culture

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16
Q

peptidoglycan

A 
Found in bacterial cell wall
Made out of NAG_NAM_NAG_NAM
NAG=N-acety glucosomine
NAM=N acetyl Muramic Acid
Thick in Gram (+) bacteria
Its highly polar and hydrophilic, can be digested by lysozyme (bactericidal) in gram (-) bacteria
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17
Q

Penicillin Binding Proteins

A

Enzymes that cross-link amino acids-(needed for the bacterial cell wall)
Ex: Transpeptidases and Carboxypeptidases
They both are targets for action of penicillins and other beta-lactams

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18
Q

Vancomycin

A

Blocks D-alanine so it can’t cross link. Vancomycin restart bacteria change the D alanine to D-Lactate

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19
Q

Teichoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid are found in what type of bacteria?

A

Gram positive

They are used by our immune system to target these bacterias

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20
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

Endotoxins found in gram (-) bacteria

Made out of an O antigen, a core, and Lipid A

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21
Q

O antigen

A

Is exposed to the external environment
Is a liner polysaccharide 50- 100 repeating units each unit has 4-7 sugars
Can be antigenic

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22
Q

LPS Core

A

The space btw O antigen and Lipid A

Contains unusual sugars

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23
Q

Lipid A

A

Is the toxic portion of the LPS

It causes septic shock (sepsis)

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24
Q

Outer membrane of bacteria

A

Only in gram (-)
Has Channels for passive diffusion called porins
Attachment site for -bacteriophage

Inner membrane is similar to membrane of gram-positive organisms

25
Q

Porins

A

Are channels for passive diffusion found in the outer membrane of bacteria.
They Restricts entry by size (Important in antimicrobial choice for ex: Vancomycin is too large to enter)
May restrict antiseptics or disinfectants that act on cell memB
However they Permit entry of hydrophilic molecules

26
Q

Periplasmic space

A

The space btw the outer cell memB and the peptoglycan wall
It contains degradative enzymes
Enzymes that inactivate antibiotics ex: Beta-lactamase
And “binding proteins”

27
Q

Beta-lactamase

A

Numerous (more than 200) enzymes that cleaves beta lactam ring
Ex: -Penicillinases. -Cephalosporinases and
-ESBLs (extended spectrum beta-lactamases)

28
Q

Mechanisms of beta lactam resistance

A

Gram (+)

  • failure of drug to bind the PBS
  • beta-lactamases hydrolyze the drug

Gram (-)

  • drug fails to cross outer memB
  • failure of drug to bind the PBS
  • beta-lactamases hydrolyzes the drug
29
Q

Lysozme

A

Bactericidal breaks NAG_NAM bond

Gram + are sensitive
Gram – are resistant (because the outer membrane protects the gram (-))

30
Q

Capsules

A

A protective layer (from phagocytosis, environmental changes, dehydration) over the bacteria. Also helps in adherence
Composition varies among species
In most species its made out of polysaccharides
In Anthrax its made out of amino acid
its antigenic, and it’s used in vaccines

Small Capsule-Slime layer/Glycocalyx- causes cavities loosely adherent and non uniform in dinsity or thickness

31
Q

Encapsulated Organisms

A 
All these cause meningitis in babies
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilius influenzae type b
Neisseria meningitidis
Escherichia coli K1
32
Q

Biofilm

A

Bacteria that stick together
In teeth and implants and stuff you put in like catheters.
Major issue for hip implants.

33
Q

Flagella

A
  • Composed of flagellin (long, hollow helical filaments)
  • used for motility, chemotaxis
  • Are antigenic
  • -Classification – Enterics H antigen
  • –E. coli O157:H7
34
Q

Types of flagella

A

1- monotrichous (one)
2- amphitrichous (one on each side)
3- iophotrichous (many on one side)
4- peritrichous (many everywhere)

35
Q

Pili (Fimbriae)

A

-Pilin proteins
–Common pili – adhesion
–Sex pili – bacterial conjugation
-Virulence factor
-Mostly gram-negatives
-Antigenic variation (thats why we can’t use them in vaccines)
Example
Escherichia coli
Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Females have a lot of UTI and cranberry juice helps

36
Q

Sporulation

A

When the bacteria goes through harsh conditions they form spores
The location of the spore maybe used in ID
Only two can form Spores
-Bacillus sp.-Aerobic-Gram-positive rod
-Clostridium sp.-Anaerobic-Gram-positive rod

37
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

Started the Spontaneous generation debate

found little animalcules

38
Q

Dr. Jenner

A

Vaccination

39
Q

Semmelweis

A

Childbed fever

Antiseptic use

40
Q

Oliver Wendell Holmes

A

Contagious disease

41
Q

Lister

A

Antiseptic surgery

42
Q

Pasteur

A 
Pasteurization
Wine
Parasitic disease
Silkworms
Spontaneous generation debunked
Attenuation - 
Rabies vaccine 
Dogs
People - 1885
Pasteur Institute in Paris
43
Q

Koch

A

1 organism = 1 disease
ex: Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax
Took pictures of anthrax, tuberculosis organisms
Discovered causes of tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, diphtheria, tetanus, glanders, lobar pneumonia
won Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology 1905
Developed postulates

44
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

a bacterium is Present in every case of disease, absent in healthy organisms
Isolate and grow organism
Inoculate new host and get same disease
Re-isolate same organism from new host

45
Q

Molecular postulates

A

Gene or product in virulent strains but not avirulent ones
Disruption of gene disrupts virulence
Introduction of gene into avirulent strain induces virulence
Gene is expressed while in host
Antibodies to gene product are protective

46
Q

Attenuation

A

Vaccination – chicken cholera
Pasteur used Koch’s Postulates
Becomes less deadly

47
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Chemotherapy of Syphilis Treatment – 1910

Researcher in Koch’s lab
Tried 606 compounds
Arsenic derivative
Took to London, Fleming used

48
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

discovered Penicillin

49
Q

Legionella pneumophilia

A

Legionnaire’s Disease
shows pneumonia
tested by Buffered charcoal yeast

50
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Lyme Disease

51
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Necrotizing fasciitis

52
Q

Bartonella henselae

A

cat-scratch disease

and bacillary angiomatosus (in Immuno compromised people)

53
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

mucoidal growth – encapsulated

54
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Gram (-)
Oxidase test (+)
Green color
Fruity Grape oder

55
Q

Mycoplasma

A

Lack a cell wall
Can not gram stain
Sterols are found in cytoplasmic membrane

56
Q

Mycobacterium

A 
Doesn't gram stain
Need acid fast staining
Cell wall has waxes
Pigmented growth
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can grow on a special ager Lowenstein Jensen
57
Q

Proteus

A

Swarming

58
Q

Bacillus sp.

A

Aerobic
Gram-positive rod
Forms spores

59
Q

Clostridium sp.

A

Anaerobic
Gram-positive rod
Can form spores

Microbiology Morphology (2 decks)

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