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Linguistik > Morphologie > Flashcards

Morphologie Flashcards

1
Q

Composition, derivation and conversion

A

Change of part of speech (house - domestic)

Arbitrary gaps (*stealing, *googling)

Morphologically/semantically determined

Application leads to change of meaning
(beautiful - unattractive)

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2
Q

Declination and conjugation

A

Part of speech remains the same (the house - the houses)

Regular form

Syntactically determined

Usage does not lead to change of meaning
(play, played, play)

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3
Q

Criteria for word type determination

A

Paradigmatic: with what other expressions is the segment interchangeable?

Criteria: casus, genus, numerus, etc.

Syntagmatic: what other expressions is the segment related to?

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4
Q

Word types

A

Substantive (noun)

Verb

Prefix

Suffix

Fugenelement

Adjective

Preposition

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5
Q

Derivation definition

A

The process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix

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6
Q

Morphe definition

A

The smallest meaning-bearing units of a language

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7
Q

Morpheme definition

A

Abstract units, sometimes associated with several morphemes

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8
Q

Allomorph definition

A

A set of morphs that have the same function in a language (eg. the ending “-s” to form a plural, or “-ed” to form the past)

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9
Q

Do morphs and morphemes have many noteable differences?

A

Often no distinction is made between morph and morpheme - and this is
usually not a problem.

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10
Q

Segmentation definition

A

The process of identifying the boundaries between words, syllables, or phonemes in spoken natural languages

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11
Q

Classification definition

A

The grouping of related words and languages into the same category

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12
Q

Composition definition

A

Composition of word stems

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13
Q

Conversion definition

A

Word formation involving the creation of a word from an existing word without any change in form (eg. the noun “green” is derived from the adjective)

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14
Q

“Fugenelement” definition

A
  • 73% of noun composites have a “zero join”
  • The s-joint is the most common joint element
  • Joints were originally inflection elements
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15
Q

“Zirkumfix” definition

A

An affix which has two parts, one placed at the start of a word, and the other at the end

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16
Q

“Morphology” definition

A

The level of the smallest units that are combined according to their own, non-phonological regularities. These units are called word constituents

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17
Q

“Syntax” definition

A
  • The level of the smallest units, which are combined according to their own, non-morphological regularities
  • The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language
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18
Q

“Syntactic word” definition

A

Consisting of or noting morphemes that are combined in the same order as they would be if they were separate words in a corresponding construction (eg. “blackberry” / “Erdbeere”

19
Q

“Genus” definition

A

Grammatical gender

20
Q

“Word form” definition

A

A unit that occurs in syntactic structures and cannot be further subdivided in these structures.

21
Q

Types of classification

A
  • Semantic
  • Paradigmatic
  • Syntagmatic
  • Filter method
22
Q

Semantic classification

A
  • Often used in didactics for young children
  • Semantic characteristics used to define words, eg. thing, activity
23
Q

Paradigmatic classification

A
  • Mostly avoids considering the meaning of a word
  • Considers the morphological paradigms of the words

-

24
Q

Syntagmatic classification

A

Assigns words to word classes, depending on the positions in syntactic structures (such as sentences) in which they can occur

EG.
a. Alexandra plays quickly and precisely.
b. * Alexandra plays fast, although precise.

25
Q

“Congruence” definition

A

A correspondence of the values of characteristics of certain units in a structure

26
Q

The substantival paradigm

A

The declension of nouns: four for each singular form and four for the plural

27
Q

Changes in inflectional behaviour

A
  • The genitive singular takes -s in the masculine and neuter genus
  • Nouns with a schwa syllable (e,el,er) in the singular are attached in the plural
  • Most monosyllabic feminines (ca. 75%) use -en in the plural
28
Q

Why are representations of inflectional behaviours useful?

A
  • It allows an overview and shows how many forms are present
  • One criticism is that the weak declension formally distinguishes fewer cases than the strong one
29
Q

Formation of plurals

A
  • The plural forms in a paradigm always have a formal feature in common
  • A noun has at most two different stem forms, one for the singular and one for the plural (eg. Buch - Büch). In the plural it is followed by a plural suffix and then possibly a case suffix (e.g. Büch+er+n)
30
Q

The s-plural

A

Occurs in:

  • Proper nouns
  • Some nouns of Low German origin
  • Numerous foreign words
31
Q

Types of plural formation

A
  • The s-plural
  • Umlauts
  • The n- plural
32
Q

Criteria for a compound word

A
  • Must contain new information
  • Usually includes an object, denoting use (eg. “Spaghettitopf”)
33
Q

“Affigration” definition

A

The process of adding a prefix or suffix. Over time, words can obtain multiple suffixes (eg. Instrument-al-isier-ung)

34
Q

How are the “correct” forms of words chosen?

A
  • Frequency of use
  • Phonetic structure of the word
  • How much the old word must be changed to form the new one
  • Meaning
35
Q

Criteria for learning the word type (flektierbar)

A

Numerus? - JA

Ist finit flektiebar? JA - Verb, NEIN - Nomen

Hat festes genus? JA - Substantiv, NEIN - Anderes Nomen

36
Q

Subordinating conjunction / Komplimentierer

A

Introduces a subordinate clause (Nebensatz)

37
Q

Criteria for learning word type (nicht flektierbar)

A

Hat numerus? - NEIN

Hat Valenz-/Kasusrektion? JA - Praeposition, NEIN - Andere

Leitet Nebensatz ein? JA - Komplementierer, NEIN - Partikel / Adverb

38
Q

Substantive

A

Refers to all noun types (eg. proper, pronouns, etc.)

39
Q

Attributes of a verb

A
  • Tempus (ich habe, ich hatte)
  • Modus
  • Finite form based on the subject
40
Q

Attributes of a noun

A
  • Has an article
  • Attributable
41
Q

Attributes of a preposition

A
  • Take exactly one complement in the form of a nominal phrase or group
  • Define the case of this addition
42
Q

Copula definition

A

A linking verb, that links a subject to a subject compliment, eg. “the sky is blue”

43
Q

Finding the difference between genitive masculine and neuter endings

A
  • Genitive singular?
  • (e)n = weak masculine
  • (e)s = nominative plural … -(e)n = mixed masculine and neuter … -er,-e = strong masculine and neuter

Linguistik (1 decks)

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