Morphologie Flashcards
Composition, derivation and conversion
Change of part of speech (house - domestic)
Arbitrary gaps (*stealing, *googling)
Morphologically/semantically determined
Application leads to change of meaning
(beautiful - unattractive)
Declination and conjugation
Part of speech remains the same (the house - the houses)
Regular form
Syntactically determined
Usage does not lead to change of meaning
(play, played, play)
Criteria for word type determination
Paradigmatic: with what other expressions is the segment interchangeable?
Criteria: casus, genus, numerus, etc.
Syntagmatic: what other expressions is the segment related to?
Word types
Substantive (noun)
Verb
Prefix
Suffix
Fugenelement
Adjective
Preposition
Derivation definition
The process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by adding a prefix or suffix
Morphe definition
The smallest meaning-bearing units of a language
Morpheme definition
Abstract units, sometimes associated with several morphemes
Allomorph definition
A set of morphs that have the same function in a language (eg. the ending “-s” to form a plural, or “-ed” to form the past)
Do morphs and morphemes have many noteable differences?
Often no distinction is made between morph and morpheme - and this is
usually not a problem.
Segmentation definition
The process of identifying the boundaries between words, syllables, or phonemes in spoken natural languages
Classification definition
The grouping of related words and languages into the same category
Composition definition
Composition of word stems
Conversion definition
Word formation involving the creation of a word from an existing word without any change in form (eg. the noun “green” is derived from the adjective)
“Fugenelement” definition
- 73% of noun composites have a “zero join”
- The s-joint is the most common joint element
- Joints were originally inflection elements
“Zirkumfix” definition
An affix which has two parts, one placed at the start of a word, and the other at the end
“Morphology” definition
The level of the smallest units that are combined according to their own, non-phonological regularities. These units are called word constituents
“Syntax” definition
- The level of the smallest units, which are combined according to their own, non-morphological regularities
- The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language
“Syntactic word” definition
Consisting of or noting morphemes that are combined in the same order as they would be if they were separate words in a corresponding construction (eg. “blackberry” / “Erdbeere”
“Genus” definition
Grammatical gender
“Word form” definition
A unit that occurs in syntactic structures and cannot be further subdivided in these structures.
Types of classification
- Semantic
- Paradigmatic
- Syntagmatic
- Filter method
Semantic classification
- Often used in didactics for young children
- Semantic characteristics used to define words, eg. thing, activity
Paradigmatic classification
- Mostly avoids considering the meaning of a word
- Considers the morphological paradigms of the words
-
Syntagmatic classification
Assigns words to word classes, depending on the positions in syntactic structures (such as sentences) in which they can occur
EG.
a. Alexandra plays quickly and precisely.
b. * Alexandra plays fast, although precise.
