Morphological Processes Flashcards
AFFIXATION 1 What is affixation Define What are affixes Types of affixes
2 What are the main processes in affixation
Derivation
Inflection
Infixation
1)
• Addition of morphemes to create words with new meaning and/or grammatical category
• affixes - morphs that are added to a word to alter the meaning and/or form. - bound morphemes. - there are 4 types of affixes. • prefixes- proceeding the base •suffixes - following the base •infixes - occur within the base •circumfixes- attached to a base both initially and finally (English do not have circumfixes)
2
There are two main processes within affixation.
Derivation- build words with a meaning and/or grammatical cat. Distinct from the of the base.
There are two types
• Grammatical category changing ders
Where the addition of derivational affixes change the original grammatical category
Ex: modern adj - modernize v
Build v - builder n
• grammatical category retaining ders.
The addition of derivational affixes that does not change the grammatical category if the base.
Ex : king- kingdom
Woman - womanhood
Inflection
Infixation is also a process related to affixation.
•English does not have infixes.
•Often tend to add swear words i between words.
(Casual speech) for emphasis, to show emotion
Kangabloodyroo
COMPOUNDS
1) what are compounds Define Structure Explain the structure Types 3ways of writing Special features
2) And what are the special features of compounds.
• Word formation process that creates new words with new meaning with the combination two or more existing words
• consist of a modifier + head
Ex: Fire + wood
Modifier
- first Word of the amalgamation.
-modifies the head
- stress if places in the modifier.
Head
- second word of the amalgamation.
-decides the grammatical category of the compound
• in English most compounds are verbs, nouns and adjectives.
•There are two types of compounds
Endocentric compounds- grammatical head defines the meaning of the compound
Firewood, school boy
Exocentric compounds - grammatical head does not define the meaning of the compound
Red Indian, Pickpocket
•there are 3 ways compounds are written.
- Closed form - as one words ex: housewife. Keyboard
- Hyphenated form- the two words are combined with a hyphen. Ex: mother in law, word-class
- Open or spaces form - written with a space in between. Ex: distance learning
2)
•functions as a single unit (grammatically and systematically)
•associated with derivation and inflection.
Inflection suffixes are added at the end of the compound. Ex: whitewashed
• should not be confused with adj describing nouns
Black bird and Blackbird 🦅
• a productive morphological process.
BACKFORMATION
- WFP in which actual or supposed derivational suffix is detached ➡️ create new word
- opposite of derivation.
Ex : babysitter - baby sit
Burglar- burgle
Donation - donate.
• Incorrect assumptions
Pea from pease ❌
CLIPPING
What is clipping
Usage
Types
Reduced / shortened form that retains the meaning of the base
- WFP In which one or more syllables are deleted from a polysyllabic words i order to create a new word.
- usually occur with shortening names
•there are accepted clippings used generally
Exam, App
• there are 4 types if clippings
Black clipping - removing the end of a word
Gas - gasoline
Fore clipping- removing the front part of a word
Phone - telephone
Middle clipping - retaining a the middle part of a word
Flu- influenza
Complex clipping- removing multiple parts from a word
Sit com- situational comedy
•often confused with backformation. Clippings retain the meaning if the base
Backformation❌
BLENDING
what is blending
Rules
Confusion
WFP in which non-morphemic part of two or more words are combine to make a new word with new meaning.
Brunch - breakfast+lunch
There are rules associated with blending
1) different syllable constituents can be combined
Onset+rhyme
Onset+ coda
2) the length of the blend ➡️ length of the second word.
3) blend starts with a unit from the first word and ends with a unit from the second word
4) meaning of a bled is the combination of the meanings of the two words.
Usually confused with abbreviated compounds
AC- can be used in a sentence both in the full and abbreviated form
Blend- can not be used in both ways
CONVERSION
•Define
•Zero derivation, invisible morpheme
•the assigning
-Verb-noun
-Nouns-verbs
-Adj- verbs
-Nouns -adj
-Grammatical words- nouns
WFP which assigns an already existing word into a different grammatical category.
Google
Ship
Zero derivation
Grammatical category changes without any changes in pronunciation and spelling.
Assumed that there is an addition of an invisible morpheme.
Conversion assigns
nouns to verbs ex: ship- to ship, eye - to eye
Verbs to noun ex: to swim - a swim, to attack- an attack.
Adj - verb ex: empty, to empty, dirt todirty
Nouns to adj- cotton
Grammatical words to nouns - but- buts, must must
REDUPLICATION
Define
Types
Phonological change
Instances of occurring
- MP of repetition.
- WFP in which the base is completely or partially repeated to create a new word.
•2 types
Total reduplication - entire base is repeated
Yum yum, fifty fifty
Partial reduplication
Only a part of the bade is repeated.
Ding- dong, willy nilly
There are two phonological changes observed in partial reduplication
Vocalic change- in which the stressed vowel changes and rest of the word repeats
Ding fong i -o
Rhyme motivated change- changing of the onset consonant while the rest of the word repeats.
Willy Nilly.
Instances where reduplication occur
- as borrowings illung illung
- as onomatopoeic words - tut tut
- emphasis -no no, yes yes
- in child lang -dada, bobo, mama
BORROWING.
Linguistic units introduced to a language but other languages.
English is a great borrower.
2 types - Direct transfers
Loan translations.
Played a major role in the making of english
The making of english
Brought to Britain by the Anglo Saxons and Jutes
Influenced by Latin and Greek
Transformed by French speaking Normans
David Crystal
English has always been a vacuum cleaner of a •language sucking in words form other languages.
- English has borrowed words from over 350 languages.
- Two thirds of English words have classical origins
- Words have entered to english from French. Spanish, Italian and other romance languages.
- There are direct borrowings from Greek and Latin.
ABBRIVIATION
- Shortened version of a word
- WFP i wish the full form of a word is not written instead a part of the word is written.
- Acronyms are identified as a type of abbreviation
- Acronyms are created with the initial letters of a a sequence of words
Ex: names of organizations
COINAGES
WFP by which words are created without the use of any morphological process.
There is not phonological, morphological or orthographic motivation in the creation of such words
Mostly brand names.
Often occurs in general usage
Ex bata, pajero
