morpho suntax

Question 1

LEXICAL CATEGORIES

Answer 1

Open Classes
Noun (N)
* Verb (V)
* Adjective (A)
* Adverb (Adv)
PRONOUNS (DP)

Question 2

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

Answer 2

Closed classes
Determiner (D)
* Auxiliary (Aux > T)
* Preposition (P)
* Complementizer (C)
* Conjunction (Conj)
* Negation (Neg)

Question 3

CONJUNCTION (Conj) or COORDINATOR

Answer 3

These elements connect two or more phrases together on an equal level
and, or, nor, neither … nor, either … or

Question 4

COMPLEMENTIZER (C)

Answer 4

Also connect structures together but they embed one clause into the other (subordination)
that, because, whether, if, since

Question 5

TENSE (T)

Answer 5

This category contains the finiteness, tense, and agreement information:
* Auxiliaries: have/has/had, am/is/are/was/were, do/does/did
* Modals: will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must
* Non-finite tense marker: infinitival to

Question 6

Infinitival to

Answer 6

has un unspecified tense value that must be determined from the context
1) We believe John to have been arrested (now)
2) We believe the police to have (already) arrested John

Question 7

PREPOSITIONAL «TO»

Answer 7

Descriptive content
* Can be intensified by modifiers
e.g., He stayed right to the end of the film
* Takes Ns as complements
e.g., to the cinema
* Does not allow ellipsis of its complement
e.g., Do you want to go to the cinema?
*Yes, I want to go to ___.

Question 8

INFINITIVAL «TO»

Answer 8

Grammatical content (non-finite T marker)
* Cannot be intensified by modifiers
e.g., I want *right to go
* Takes Vs as complements
e.g., to go
* Allows ellipsis of its complement
e.g., Do you want to go to the cinema?
Yes, I want to ___

Question 9

PREPOSITIONAL «FOR»

Answer 9

Can be intensified
e.g., He headed straight for the pub
* Its complement cannot be subject of a sentence
e.g., It would be great for you to join them for dinner
e.g., *For dinner for you to join them would be great.
* Prepositions do not take infinitival sentences as
complement, but for…:
e.g., She is not sure *about you to come for dinner
e.g., They decided *against you to come for dinner

Question 10

INFINITIVAL «FOR»

Answer 10

Dummy, it cannot be intensified
e.g., *I’m anxious straight for him to come
* Its complement can be the subject of another
sentence:
e.g., It would be great for you to join them for dinner
e.g., For you to join them for dinner would be great
* Take infinitival sentences as complement:
e.g., It is great for you to come for dinner

Question 11

DETERMINER «THAT»

Answer 11

• Can be substituted by another D
  e.g., That girl said that you are a liar
  e.g., This / a / the girl said…
• Can be used pronominally:
  e.g., Nobody can blame you for that mistake/for that.

Question 12

COMPLEMENTIZER «THAT»

Answer 12

Cannot be substituted by another D:
e.g., That girl said that you are a liar
e.g., That girl said this /a / the you are a liar.
* Cannot be used pronominally:
e.g., I’m sure that you are right /I’m sure that.

Question 13

Constituency tests

Answer 13

1. Prominalization (or replacement)
2. Stand-alone
3. Movement (clefting, preposing)
4. Coordination

Question 14

PROMINALIZATION: (or replacement)

Answer 14

a group of words can be replaced with a single word in a sentence, with
no change in acceptability, and only a minimal change in meaning.

Question 15

STAND-ALONE:

Answer 15

A constituent can stand alone, typically as a response to a question.

Question 16

MOVEMENT:

Answer 16

A sequence of words can be moved to another position of the sentence.

Question 17

Clefting:

Answer 17

It is X that (rest of the sentence)
It is [that girl with the green dress] that might have hit your daughter
It is [your daughter] that the girl with the green dress might have hit

Question 18

Preposing or pseudoclefting:

Answer 18

is/are X what/who
[That girl with the green dress] is who might have hit your daughter

Question 19

Argument:

Answer 19

an argument is an expression or syntactic element in a sentence that serves to
complete the meaning of the verb

Question 20

Adjunct:

Answer 20

Word or set of words that provides additional information to a sentence. It provides information about when, where, how and why the event took place

Question 21

The notion of c-command plays a central role in defining and constraining operations such
as:

Answer 21

1. Syntactic movement (e.g., T to C movement)
2. Morphological operations (Affix Hopping-feature checking)
3. Binding Theory
4. Scope (e.g., NPI – more on this later…)
5. Case and theta-role assignment

Question 22

Violation of the Head Movement Constraint (HMC):

Answer 22

movement from one head position to another is only possible between a given head and the closest head which asymmetrically c-commands it

Question 23

Affix hopping:

Answer 23

If the closest head c-commanded by T is an overt verb (V) the affix material is
lowered and attached to V (e.g., ENG declarative sentences)

Question 24

Agent:

Answer 24

an animate entity that deliberately brings about the event

Question 25

Causer:

Answer 25

entity responsible for (initiating) an event

Question 26

Experiencer:

Answer 26

an animate entity that experiences the event

Question 27

Theme:

Answer 27

person or object undergoing the action or prompting a sensory or
emotional state

Question 28

Goal:

Answer 28

animate entity that the event is done to or for

Question 29

Result:

Answer 29

resulting state

Question 30

N-pronouns:

Answer 30

refer back to a noun (and take plural suffix)

Question 31

D-pronouns:

Answer 31

serve as a pronominal determiner
I will buy this/that book → used prenominally (have a N following)
I will buy this/that → used pronominally

Question 32

Q-pronouns:

Answer 32

serve as a pronominal quantifier
All children ate pizza vs. All ate pizza
I have met many students vs. I have met many